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1、中英文化差异对翻译的影响Effects of Cultural Differences on Translation1. IntroductionCulture is a concept which has wide and complicated context, and it includes “knowledge, belief, policy, art, law, ethics, customs, and abilities and habits formed by people as social members.” Language is the transition of cul
2、ture. English and Chinese are based on two different cultures, and they impress different cultural customs and historical traditions. Translation is not only an art, but also a science, so translation does not mean to transfer one language to another. As the bridge of trans-cultural communication, f
3、ulfilling humans culture, and emerging different expressions in different countries.Common things in human experiences seem to express themselves in similar terms in quite unrelated languages. The expressions are usually metaphorical, and may be as similar as “Strike while the iron is hot,” which ap
4、pears in Chinese as “While hot strike the iron.”Western culture is based on things, making nature as its standard, the culture tend to develop its external display, so it lays stress on creating things, and moreover, on the way how human creates things. Instruments used in this study involved two En
5、glish language proficiency tests. Therefore, during the process of translation, we should consider how to get out of the sentence structures of the former article, using different forms to express the meanings.2. Detail Examples of the Effect of Social Customs on Translation2.1 The Differences of Da
6、ily Life and Social CustomsBloom (1976) 间接引用。一般是对原文paraphrase或summarize，不需引号与页码。最后的句号应放在括弧之后。 argued that teachers role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results. Obviously, these kinds of greeting are not suitable t
7、o greet people from English countries, as they may think that you are prying into their secrets and private things. A similar historical event may give rise to equivalent expressions in different countries. This sort of answers is suitable for Chinese who have been cultivated by the oriental culture
8、, but if we translate them literally into English, as “No, no, its not good enough”, the westerners may feel unacceptable and even dissatisfied. So, the proper greetings used in western countries are “How do you do?”, “Hello!”, “Good morning!” or talking about the weather. It has been argued that te
9、achers role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976). 间接引用。原作者未出现在正文中，故在括号内注明。Both of Chinese culture and English culture require people to respect the old. As differences of cultural thoughts exist, t
10、he ways to show our respect are relatively different. For example, when we get out having a family travel, we will firstly care about the physical situation of the old, and then decide whether we need to have arrest or not. But old foreigners dislike being considered as they are old people, and they
11、 never think that they are less vigorous and less spirit. This argument was discussed as early as 1997 (Wang, 1989). 间接引用。中文作者用汉语拼音。The disadvantage of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable (Wang & Sun, 1990). 间接引用。两名中文作者。 Ano
12、ther example, the oriental people consider being modest and obscure as a virtue, and this thought is also directly expressed on the use of language. Some theorists find no value in Smiths thesis and vehemently argue its faults (Masters & Malloy, 1978). 间接引用。两名英文作者。Adverbials are divided into two gro
13、ups in terms of the centrality. Those that are integrated into clause structure are regarded as adjuncts (Quirk et al., 1985). 间接引用。三名以上作者，仅标示第一作者，其余用et al. 表示。 Another example, the oriental people consider being modest and obscure as a virtue, and this thought is also directly expressed on the use
14、of language. This sort of answers is suitable for Chinese who have been cultivated by the oriental culture, but if we translate them literally into English, as “No, no, its not good enough”, the westerners may feel unacceptable and even dissatisfied. Comparatively, the westerners use commendation as
15、 frequently as they can, as a way of starting communication and helper of introducing formal topic. The turn of expression “thank you” seems to have become a conventional formula, especially in the western countries.Somebody often says that without any intention of displaying this gratitude can not
16、be correct. Based on different findings, it is proposed that “the type of motivation and its strength are likely to be determined less by some generalized principle and more by who learns what in what milieu at that time” (Freeman & Long, 1993:174). 直接引用。需加双引号及页码，原文若已带引号，应将其改为单引号。原文内容不能更改，若中间有省略，需加英
17、文省略号。 English has no regular answer at all. Gardner (1985:10) sees motivation as “the combination of effort plus desire to achieve the goal of learning the language plus favorable attitude toward learning language”. 直接引用。原作者已经在正文中出现。Australian literature in English began soon after the settlement of
18、 the country by Europeans. Common themes include indigenous and settler identity, alienation, exile and relationship to place, but it is a varied and contested area .The Australian literature is characterized as follows: Emphasizing the orthodox tradition of Jurisprudence and supporting the standard
19、 style of poetry. This represented the main trend of Wu age. This view was in accordance with Wus ideas and status as a Confucian scholar and it embodied what literary men of Wu emphasized: The authors personality should correspond to his writing style and Jurisprudence should be mingled with litera
20、ture. People insist on learning from the ancient people and their rich minds (Herders, 199:126). 直接引用。引文在四行或四行以上，需单独成段，不需引号。上下各空一行，整段向右退8个字符。字体字号不变，但行距从“固定值20磅”变为“单倍行距”（两个空行均为单倍行距）。We will discuss Australian language, letters and literature, including discussions about poetry, novels, childrens lite
21、rature, plays and theatre scripts, literary magazines and newspapers. In his “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,” Shelly personifies the immaterial, spiritual world: “The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Floats though unseen among us”(1809:75). 直接引用。诗歌不超过两行，直接引用，加双引号，两行间用斜线分开。In “Song of Myself,” Walt
22、Whitman uses the dictation and rhythm of natural speech：A child said What is the grass? Fetching it to me with full hands;How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, hopeful green stuff woven (1892:23). 直接引用。诗歌超过两行，需单独成段，规则同注
23、9。Indeed, only those foreigners who know a little about Chinese culture may understand these explanations, and most of them can not get the marvels inside. So such words with peculiar cultural meaning should be added some explanations to illustrate their pragmatic usages. After the year all other ye
24、ars of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either-good-or-bad-luck years for them.Goethe wrote that “it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects” (qtd in Newman, 1998:104). 无原著，内容来自二手资料，需在来源前加上“qtd in”字样。在参考文献部分，以二手资料撰写条目。A simil
25、ar historical event may give rise to equivalent expressions in different countries. When Caesar crossed the Rubicon, he had his army burn the bridges behind them, so that they had no choice but to march on and conquer Rome.In six months time, he was tramped into marriage with her, though “he had no
26、respect for her” (40). 论文是文学评论，需从同一作品反复引用。为方便起见，从第二次引用起，只注页码。Actually, it was once translated into “five stresses, four points of beauty and three aspects of love” without any explanation. As a result, it would cause misunderstanding that foreigners who had little knowledge about China may probably
27、consider it as “four beauties, and five lovers”.The Web-based Oral English Teaching Mode advocated by College English Curriculum Requirements is a new and developing mode with broad prospects and will exert a far-reaching influence on English teaching reforms. In Chinese, a sentence can be embedded
28、in a noun phrase to modify its head noun and such a process is called gelatinization. Gelatinization usually results in relative clauses or adjectival clauses. Studies on such constructions in the past were mostly guided by structuralism linguistics with a focus on structures, ignoring semantic, pra
29、gmatic and cognitive factors.In the preface, Pineland claims “This Icelandic is the story of an adolescent whose needs are not understood by his descendants” (Hardliners, 99:128). 原文中的词语，因失去语境，指代不明。用方括号标注。2.2 Analogy and ImaginationThis usage wants to express that it is extremely easy to invest or d
30、eposit money in United Carolina Bank. (1) Do your teeth a flavor. No matter what the flavor, when your kids brush with Crest, they are doing their teeth a flavor. Arent your kids worth Crest? 例句按顺序用（1）（2）（3）（4）等统一编号，全文排序。每例左起头，回行时与上一行例句对齐。上下各空一行，例句连同空行的行距均为“单倍行距”。（注：正文为“固定值20磅”）。In this advertisemen
31、t for Crest, “Do your teeth a flavor” completely imitates the phrase “do somebody a favor”. The sentence structures are the same, and the effect is also goodThe superstition that naming an evil force will cause it to appear was once widespread. The texts were then segmented by the automatic segmentation system of Academia. (2) *Although the city is modern and convenient, but there are still some problems.(3) ?How old are you, Professor Smith?不合语法的例句前用“*”；合乎语法，但有语用问题的例句前用“?”。同一组例句间不空行。
