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1、论复活中托尔斯泰思想中的乌托邦式社会Utopian Society in Tolstoys ResurrectionContentsAbstract.1Key Words.1I. Introduction2II. General Theme of Tolstoys Works.4III. The Writing Background .5IV. A Brief Introduction to Resurrection.61. The story.62. The resurrection of Nekhlyudov and Maslova.73. Main Reason for the Trag
2、edy.8V. Introduction to Tolstoys Mind.81. The bases for Tolstoys mind.82. Non-resistance to violence.93. The infeasibility of his mind.9VI. The Differences between His Mind and Our Legal System.91. The function of law and legal system.92. The advantages and disadvantages of his theory.10VII. Conclus
3、ion.11References.11Abstract: Leo Tolstoy is one of the greatest writers in Russia history. At the same time, he was regarded as a mirror of Russia Revolution and the spokesman of the peasants. He contributed all his life to figure out a way to solve the contradictions between different social classe
4、s, and at last he formed a unique theory about non-resistance to violence to improve the society. His theory was progressive at that time, but also has some limitations. The author will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of his theory and its relationship with law and legal system, and will al
5、so prove its infeasibility in that social background. That is, his way of solving social problem was Utopian.Key words: Class contradiction; infeasibility; legal system摘要：列夫.托尔斯泰被认为是俄国文学史上最伟大的文学家之一，同时也被认为是俄国革命的镜子和中下贫民的代言人。他一生致力于解决地主阶级与农民及农奴的矛盾。他最终形成了不抵抗去获得社会改良的思想。他的思想在当时是进步的，但是同时也具有一定的历史局限性。该论文作者主要就
6、其思想的积极因素，消极因素与现代法制的关系进行辩证的分析，并证明其思想在当时社会条件下的不可行性。既列夫.托尔斯泰关于解决当时社会矛盾的理论思想是乌托邦式的。关键词：阶级矛盾；不可行性；法制体系；I. Introduction to TolstoyLeo Tolstoy is one of the greatest writers in Russia history. He was born on 28 August 1828 into a long line of Russian nobility. He was the fourth child of Countess Maria Volk
7、onsky (who Tolstoy does not remember, as she died after giving birth to his sister Mariya in 1830) and Count Nicolay Ilyich Tolstoy (1797-1837) . His mother died when he was just 2 years old, after his mother died, the Counts distant cousin Tatyana Aleksandrovna Yergolskaya Aunt Tatyana, who already
8、 lived with them helped him in running the household, raising the children and overseeing their tutoring. By the time Leo was born, the Tolstoy fortunes had dwindled and the newlyweds settled at the Volkonsky family estate Yasnaya Polyana (meaning Clear Glade) located in Tula Region, Shchekino Distr
9、ict of central Russia., which Leos maternal great grandfather Prince Nikolas Sergeyevich Volkonsky had established in the early 1800s, upon his death his daughter Countess Volkonsky inherited it. Upon there Leo had a great time with father and aunts. From Leos Introduction to biographer Paul Birukof
10、f, we gather the very clear and fond memories he had of his early years and his loved ones:” my father never humbled himself before any one, nor altered his brisk, merry, and often chaffing tone”. Count Tolstoy was a gentle, easy going man. Quick to tell a joke, he was reluctant to use corporal puni
11、shment that was so common at the time to the hundreds of serfs on their estate. He disliked wolf-baiting and fox-hunting, preferring to ride in the fields and forests, or walking with his children and their pack of romping greyhounds. Leo recounts outings with his siblings, friends, and paternal gra
12、ndmother Pelageya Nikolayevna Tolstoy (d.1838) to pick hazelnuts; she seemed a dreamy magical figure to him. Sometimes he spent the evening in her bedroom while their blind story-teller Lev Stepanovich narrated lengthy, enchanting tales. The Tolstoy House was a bustling household, often with extende
13、d family members and friends visiting for dinner or staying for days at a time. The children and adults played Patience, the piano, put on plays, sang Russian and Gypsy folk songs and read stories and poetry aloud. A voracious reader, Leo would visit his father in his study as he read and smoked his
14、 pipe. Sometimes the Count would have young Leo recite memorised passages from Alexander Pushkin. The family home still contains the library of over twenty thousand books in over thirty languages. When not indoors, there was no shortage of outdoor activities for the children: tobogganing in winter,
15、horseback riding, playing in the orchards, forests, formal gardens, greenhouses and bathing in the large pond which Leo loved to do all his life . In 1937 Tolstoys father died suddenly and Leo had a hard time accepting this inevitability of life. Despite the pall of death, loss of innocence and uphe
16、avals in living arrangements, Leo started preparations for the entrance examinations to Kazan University, wanting to enter the faculty of Oriental languages. He studied Arabic, Turkish, Latin, German, English, and French, and geography, history, and religion. He also began in earnest studying the li
17、terary works of English, Russian and French authors including Charles Dickens, Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, Mikhail Lermontov, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Laurence Sterne, Friedrich Schiller, and Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire. From these introduction we can see that Leo Tolstoy had a happy childhood and h
18、e had formed a good habit of studying, and this laid a solid foundation for his latter success. But his boyhood was not as successful as his childhood. In 1844, at the age of sixteen he entered the University of Kazan to study Turco-Arabic literature. Unfortunately he left his university without a d
19、egreed due to his quit. He and his brothers moved out of their uncles home. There were balls and galas to attend and other many pursuits as drinking, gambling and visiting brothels. Tolstoy did not have much success as a student, he did not respond to the universities conventional system of learning
20、 and left in 1847 without obtaining his degree. Back at Yasnya Polyana and during the next few years, Tolstoy agonized about what next to do with his life. He expressed his aspirations, confusion and disappointments in his diary and correspondence with his brothers and friends. He attempted to set t
21、he estates affairs in order but again was caught up in the life of a young nobleman, travelling between the estate and Moscow and St. Petersburg. He was addicted to gambling, racking up huge debts and having to sell possessions to pay them off including parts of his estate. He would go on drinking b
22、inges, associating with various characters of ill-repute that his Aunt Tatyana repeatedly warned him about. To her and a few other confidantes he often confessed his remorse when sober and wrote in his diary:” I am living a completely brutish life”. I have abandoned almost all my occupations and hav
23、e greatly fallen in spirit. (ibid, Ch. VI) Later he again attempted university exams in the hope that he would obtain a position in the government, but got a chance to serve in the army. When his brother Nikolay, who was an officer in the Caucasian army, came to visit Yasnya Polyana for a short whil
24、e, Tolstoy seized the opportunity to change his life, and enrolled in the army. In September of 1862, at the age of thirty four, Tolstoy married the sister of one of his friends, nineteen year old Sofia Sonya Andreyevna Behrs (b.1844). Before their marriage, Tolstoy did not lie to his wife but told
25、every bad things he had done to his wife and even showed his dairy to his wife. Even though she consented to marriage it took her some time to get over the initial shock of their content. In other matters, Countess Tolstoy proved helpful to her husbands writing career: she organized his rough notes,
26、 copied out drafts, and assisted with his correspondence and business affairs of the estate. Thus Tolstoy plunged into his writing: he started War and Peace in 1862 and its six volumes were published between 1863 and 1869. He started writing his next epic Anna Karenina in 1873. The first chapters ap
27、peared in the Russian Herald in 1876. The same year it was published in its entirety, 1878. Tolstoy wrote his Resurrection in 1879, and these three greatest works have great impact even nowadays.II. General Theme of Tolstoys WorksLeo Tolstoy is great, famous and productive, which made himself a lot
28、of follow researchers. Currently there are a lot of translation about his work, his views toward life and writing. In his book Leo Tolstoy on life, he mainly talked about his thoughts and views about peoples life and to the book Leo Tolstoy on writing, he expressed how he wrote his own books and how
29、 a writer should write. Rosemary Edmonds said in his book Tolstoy turns a highly critical eye on the law, the penal system and, above all, the Church. That was enough to get my attention. “Though men in their hundreds of thousands had tried their hardest to disfigure that little corner of the earth
30、where they had crowded themselves together, paving the ground with stones so that nothing could grow, weeding out every blade of vegetation, filling the air with fumes of coal and gas, cutting down the trees and driving away every beast and every bird - spring, however, was still spring, even in the
31、 town. All were happy - plants, birds, insects and children. But grown-up people - adult men and women - never left off cheating and tormenting themselves and one another”.From these words we can see that as a great writer you should have the ability to see people through and notice the original fac
32、e and soul of the people and Tolsoty had set a good example for his following writers. The story is about the rebirth of Prince Nekhlyudov. During this process, we are exposed to some of Tolstoys reservations concerning how things generally work. There is a description of several prisoners dying fro
33、m heat exhaustion on a march from their prison to the train that is to take them into exile. The description of the train ride is reminiscent of the cattle cars used in Europe during the Holocaust. At the scene of one mans death, Tolstoy gives us the following description. .one could see by the powe
34、rful muscles and well proportioned limbs what a fine vigorous agile human animal this had been - a far more perfect animal of its kind than the bay stallion, the laming of which had roused the captain of the fire-brigade to such fury. And yet he had been done to death, and no one regretted him as a
35、human being - no one even regretted him as a working animal that had perished uselessly. The only feeling evoked by his death was a unanimous one of annoyance at the bother of having to dispose of this body which was threatening to decompose. Tolstoy is a great writer, as K.T Flubacker said Leo Tols
36、toy, in the thick of his spiritual journey, attempts a dangerous and potentially offensive act: re-interpret the gospels of the Christian new testament. Abandoning the miraculous claims of the Christian doctrine (Jesus divine birth, numerous miracles of ministry, the resurrection, etc.), Tolstoy shi
37、fts his focus onto the social message of Christ. Whereas most orthodox and modern day Christian churches emphasize the authority of Christ, Tolstoy considers such blasphemy and instead, emphasizes the spirit of truth, which dwells within every man, and its power towards transformation of the individ
38、ual and the societal standards. Combining the four gospels into one account, Tolstoy creates a concise and appropriate representation of the teachings of the social philosopher Christ. A must read for Christians and non-Christians alike. Like Tolstoy, we must search for truth first and Christianity
39、second.” From all this we can see the greatness of Tolstoy and his influence to the following generations. Toward Tolstoys mind there are many different views. Some people think that Tolstoy was a perfect man, he is a philosopher about life. But others just take Tolstoy as a totally idealist and his
40、 idea about non-resistance to violence was nonsense and never can be realized. III. The Writing BackgroundAs I mentioned before, Tolstoy had a very happy childhood though both of his parents died before he was ten. He was born a noble man for the wealth his parents had gathered. He lived without wor
41、rying about money but the time when he was born was full of different contradictions. The peasants and serf were living under exploiting of landowners, the serf and peasants were living under pressure, they worked everyday but still lived in poverty. In the contrast all the nobleman and landowner li
42、ved luxuriously. These two different classes were hostile to each other. Even the author himself had once lived a degenerated life. In the army he killed many people. He said in his diary :”I put men to death in war. I fought duels to slay others. I lost at cards, wasted the substance wrung from the
43、 sweat of peasants, punished the latter cruelly, rioted with loose women, and deceived men. lying, robbery, adultery of all kinds, drunkenness, violence, and murder, all were committed by me, not one crime omitted, and yet I was not the less considered by my equals to be a comparatively moral man. S
44、uch was my life for ten years.” and in his own confession he said that” I can not recall those years about horror, loathing, and heart-rending pain. I killed people in war, challenged men to duels with the purpose of killing them, and lost at cards; I squandered the fruits of the peasants toil and t
45、hen had them executed; I was a fornicator and a cheat. Lying , stealing, promising of every kind, drunkenness, violence, murder. There was not a crime I did not commitThus I lived for ten years”. From all these words we can see that Leo Tolstoy led an immoral life in his youth. After his back to his
46、 hometown he began to realize the serious problems that existed in different social classes. He tried his best to improve the living condition of his peasants and serfs, he wanted all his people to live in harmony, but his ideal way of living failed at last for the lack of trust to each other. His f
47、irst concern to the poor people was happened in his boyhood, when he was young he began to sense the inequality between different social classes and he had a deep compassion for the low classes . After his marriage, for he support that he got from his wife he put all his energy to his writing career
48、. Tolstoys writing can be divided into three stages. The first was between 1850s and the early 1860s, during this period he was influenced by the French enlightenment Rousseau, he left his university without a degree and returned to his hometown. The second stage was between1860s to 1870s, during this time he wrote war and peace and he changed to be the spokesman of peasants. In this pe
