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1、英语Parallelism与汉语排比异同小议 【摘 要】 英语修辞格parallelism与汉语的排比格有相似之处,又有相异之处。本文对parallelism和排比进行对比分析,并在两者异同的基础上,指出英语学习者运用parallelism需要注意的问题,以促进英语学习者对它们的认识,提高语言运用能力。 【关键词】 比较,排比,parallelism 【中图分类号】G642.3 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089(2013)25-00-02 英语和汉语分属印欧语系和汉藏语系,但在修辞方法上,英语大部分的修辞格都能在汉语中找到与之相同或相似的修辞格。parallelism汉译为“平
2、行结构”,与汉语的排比格有相似之处,又有相异之处。本文在分析两者异同的基础上,指出英语学习者运用parallelism需要注意的问题,以促进英语学习者对它们的认识,提高语言运用能力。 一、英语parallelism 何谓parallelism?外版辞书对parallelism下的定义不尽相同。较为简明扼要的定义是:the use of parallel structure in writing (Websters New World Dictionary p.980),International English Usage(1986,p.333)对parallelism作了详尽的阐述并附有例句
3、,现摘录于下: In ordinary expository prose, parallelism can be regarded as a type of coordination, linking elements that are already logically connected. Thus an adjective is paralleled to another, a noun to a noun or a verb to a verb: I felt foolish, self-conscious and clumsy. We all have homes and famil
4、ies to consider. He huffed and he puffed and he blew the house down. a phrase to a phrase: She had an Italian accent and an angelic expression. and a clause to a clause: He is totally consistent in what he says and how he does it. 由此,我们可以认为,parallelism并不仅局限于含并列连词and, or, bothand, eitheror, not onlyb
5、ut also的句子,它实际上指两个或两个以上在意义上关联、互补与照应,在结构上平行排列的语言单位,这些语言单位不仅外形结构对称,而且其语法功能也相同。Parallelism用平行排列的形式把两个或多个事物进行比较,借以突出它们的共同点或不同点。 由于这种修辞格在结构上整齐匀称,念起来声调铿锵,所以它虽然没有明言指出前后列举事物的内在联系,没有明言指出它们之间的相似性或相反性,却能够使读者强烈地感受到它们之间的共同点或不同点。 Parallelism汉译为“平行结构”。可英语parallelism的格式在分类上与汉语修辞格不一致。用这种格式写的句子有时相当于汉语排比,但它与汉语的排比又略有不同
6、之处。还有些时候,它在结构上和作用上近似汉语的平列分句式隐喻。 现在先列举一些在结构上与汉语排比相类似的例子: The seed ye sow, another reaps; The wealth ye end, another keeps; The robe ye weave, another wears; The arms ye forge, another bears. Sow seedbut let no tyrant reap; Find wealth,let no impostor heap; Weave robes,let no idler wear; Forge arms,in
7、 your defence to bear. (P.B.Shelley: To The Men of England) 你们播下的种子别人收; 你们找到的财富别人留; 你们织造的锦袍别人穿; 你们铸成的武器别人握在手。 播下种子吧,可别让暴君收割; 寻找财富吧,可别让骗子囤积; 织造锦袍吧,可别让懒汉穿上; 铸造武器吧,拿起来保卫你们自己。 Their powers of conversation were considerable. They could describe an entertainment with accuracy, relate an anecdote with humo
8、ur, and laugh at their acquaintance with spirit. ( J.Austine: Pride And Prejudice) 她们健谈的本领真是吓人,描述起宴会来纤毫入微,说起故事来风趣横生,讥笑起朋友来也是有声有色。 以上两个例子,都是用结构相似的句子或词组来表达三个或三个以上的事项。这是它们与汉语排比相同之处。 Parallelism的常见形式值得一提的是,在对parallelism的形式作归纳时,人们谈的较多的往往是词、短语、从句、句子的平行排列,而忽视了段落的平行排列(a series of paragraphs),其实,这是parallelis
9、m的一种常见而且极富表现力的形式。如美国第35届总统John F. Kennedy于1961年1月20日所作的就职演说中,就出现了以let both sides为开头的四个段落,把自己的愿望表达得透辟周详,淋漓尽致。 作为修辞格的Parallelism并不一定是三个或三个以上的语言单位并列,二项式Parallelism就是一个典型模式,即平行项数为二,如两条平行线并排在一起。下例被专门的文体学辞典列为词组层次上的Parallelism的典型范例: Out of sight, out of mind. (Wales, 1989:335) 这类二项式Parallelism还被专称为Double P
10、arallelism(双项平行结构)或Coupling(联偶)(Wales, 1989:102)。 二、汉语排比 汉语排比是把三个或三个以上的结构相同或相似、语气一致、意思密切关联的句子或句子成分排列起来,使语势得到增强,感情得到加深的一种辞格。排比是一种富于表现力的辞格。古人说:“文有数句用一类字,所以壮气势,广文义也。”这说的就是排比的作用。在行文中,有的东西,不能总括叙述,只能列举叙述;有的虽然能够总括叙述,却故意列举叙述,构成排比。其目的就在于增强语势,提高表达效果。排比多用于说理或抒情。用排比说理,可以把论点阐述得更严密、更透彻;用排比抒情,可以把感情抒发得淋漓尽致。排比可分为句内句
11、子成分排比和句子排比两类。例如: 在这里,蓝天明月,秃顶的山,单调的黄土,浅濑的水,似乎都是最恰当不过的背景,无可更换。(茅盾:风景谈) 山朗润起来了,水长起来了,太阳的脸红起来了。(朱自清:春) 例11是主语的排比,属句内排比。例12是三个分句的排比,属句子排比。 三、运用parallelism的若干问题 由以上分析可以得出,parallelism与排比是不能等同的。Parallelism所涵盖的定义内容只有一部分才与排比重合,因此我们在运用parallelism时还须谨慎对待,以免弄巧成拙。 1.结构对称的问题 构成parallelism的语言单位不仅要求其语法功能相似,而且在结构上也应严
12、格对称,否则就成了faulty parallelism(假平行结构)。英美人士在其写作中也时有运用faulty parallelism的现象。以下两句均摘自外语教学与研究出版社出版的College English: .his friend led him, trembling and exhausted, away from the tribunal. (第3册第1分册,P58) In no other city in the whole world are there such beautiful girls, they stride rapidly and with purpose. (第
13、3册第2分册,P348) 句中的trembling and exhausted及句中的rapidly and with purpose均系faulty parallelism。在学会识别真假平行结构的同时,我们应尽量避免使用faulty parallelism。如: The insurance clerk knew that we had paid our bill and we had our receipt. 本句谓语knew后有两个从句,第一个从句由that引导,第二个从句却未用引导词,易造成误解。故应在第二个从句前也加上that。 I see the soldiers standing
14、 on the threshold of their native land, guard the fie1ds which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial. 句中的第二个宾补guard the fields宜改为guarding the fields,以与第一个宾补standing on the threshold. 平行。 2.省略问题 parallelism虽强调结构上的对称,但这并不意味不能省略其中的任何成分。如:My first job lasted for four years, my second for ten, m
15、y third for seven. 但是,省略在以下三种情况下当慎用。 (1)引导各类从句的连词、关系代(副)词等不能省略,否则,parallelism将不复存在。如下句的第二个关系代词 who: a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. (2)省略导致句义变化,如:Mary bought a red, a green and a white dress. 但不可作如是省略:Mary bought a red, gre
16、en and white dress.因为,此句的句义已从原来购买三件不同颜色的衣服变为一件红绿白三色相间的衣服。 (3)省略导致歧义(ambiguity),如: The hurricane was more of a threat to the tourists than to the natives.句中的第二个介词to不可省略,否则,此句将含歧义: a. The hurricane was more of a threat to the tourists than it was a threat to the natives. b. The hurricane was more of a
17、 threat to the tourists than the natives were a threat to the tourists. 3.逻辑问题 如前所述,构成parallelism的若干语言单位的先后排列顺序一般受由表及里,由浅入深的逻辑关系的制约。随心所欲的罗列会形成逻辑上的含混。如: I am a Chinese, but I have Chinese friends as well as foreign friends. (注:应改为foreign friends as well as Chinese friends.) Sister Carrie became exhau
18、sted, tired and bored that morning at the shoe factory. (注:就平行语言单位的内涵关系考虑,更含逻辑的表达应为:Sister Carrie became bored, tired and exhausted.) 4.累赘问题 parallelism既有词汇的重复,也有纯粹语法结构的重复,但是,重复并不意味可以不讲行文的简洁。相反,这种重复是建立在推敲锤炼的基础之上的,重复不等于累赘,重复要提防累赘。初学者尤需注意。如: kIf you dont vote, dont complain. Never before in history ha
19、ve the citizens of the country held such power in their own hands. Never before in history have the citizens of the country had the opportunity to formulate such well-informed opinions. Never before in history have the citizens of the country been allowed such vigorous and unrestrained debate on the
20、 issues. 以上含parallelism的句子总字数为55个,而三次不厌其烦地重复Never before in history have the citizens of the country,重复的字数竟达30个之多,用词显然堆砌冗赘。是否可以在第二、三两个平行结构中稍加调整,既不失parallelism的表达魅力,又可避免用词的单调堆砌?如: If you dont vote, dont complain. Never before in history have the citizens of the country held such power in their own ha
21、nds. Never before have they had the opportunity to formulate such well-informed opinions. Never before have they been allowed such vigorous and unrestrained debate on the issues. 又如: lWhen you hear “Shut the door!” as you enter or leave a room, when you hear “Wake me up next morning!” as you go to b
22、ed, when you hear “Are you crazy?” as you are to take a cold water shower, we know that fall is here with us. 初读此段,觉得尚可,再读,便觉when.as.的三次重复,when/as连词的六次出现着实显得拖沓朦肿,是否可简化为:When you enter or leave a room, you hear., when you go to bed, you hear., when you are to take a cold water bath.。如此,少用了三个连词,又突出了he
23、ar。 参考文献 1Wales, K. A Dictionary of Stylistics. England: Longman Group UK Ltd, 1989 2冯翠华.英语修辞大全M.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1995 3黄伯荣,廖序东.现代汉语M.北京:高等教育出版社,1991 4黄任.英语修辞与写作M.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996 5马秉义.汉译英基础教程M.北京:中国对外翻译出版集团,2009 6毛荣贵.英语写作纵横谈M.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1998 7潘文国.汉英语对比纲要M.北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,1997 8杨自俭,李瑞华.英汉对比研究论文集M.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1990 9余立三.英汉修辞比较与翻译M.上海:商务印书馆,1985 10College EnglishM.北京:外语教学与研究出版社