《无机化学英文ppt课件：chapter10.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《无机化学英文ppt课件：chapter10.ppt（81页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,2,Intramolecular Bonding,“Within”the molecule.Molecules are formed by sharing electrons between the atoms.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,3,Intermolecular Forces,Forces that occur between molecules.Dipoledipole forcesHydrogen bondingLond
2、on dispersion forcesIntramolecular bonds are stronger than intermolecular forces.,Hydrogen Bonding in Water,Blue dotted lines are the intermolecular forces between the water molecules.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,5,Which are stronger,intramolecular bonds or intermolecular forces?H
3、ow do you know?,CONCEPT CHECK!,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,6,Phase Changes,When a substance changes from solid to liquid to gas,the molecules remain intact.The changes in state are due to changes in the forces among molecules rather than in those within the molecules.,Copyright Ce
4、ngage Learning.All rights reserved,7,Schematic Representations of the Three States of Matter,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,8,Phase Changes,Solid to LiquidAs energy is added,the motions of the molecules increase,and they eventually achieve the greater movement and disorder characteri
5、stic of a liquid.Liquid to GasAs more energy is added,the gaseous state is eventually reached,with the individual molecules far apart and interacting relatively little.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,9,Densities of the Three States of Water,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reser
6、ved,10,Dipole-Dipole Forces,Dipole moment molecules with polar bonds often behave in an electric field as if they had a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge.Molecules with dipole moments can attract each other electrostatically.They line up so that the positive and negative ends
7、 are close to each other.Only about 1%as strong as covalent or ionic bonds.,Dipole-Dipole Forces,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,11,To play movie you must be in Slide Show ModePC Users:Please wait for content to load,then click to playMac Users:CLICK HERE,Hydrogen Bonding,Copyright Ce
8、ngage Learning.All rights reserved,12,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,13,Hydrogen Bonding,Strong dipole-dipole forces.Hydrogen is bound to a highly electronegative atom nitrogen,oxygen,or fluorine.That same hydrogen is then electrostatically attracted to a lone pair on the nitrogen,ox
9、ygen or fluorine on adjacent molecules.,London Dispersion Forces,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,14,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,15,London Dispersion Forces,Instantaneous dipole that occurs accidentally in a given atom induces a similar dipole in a neighboring atom.S
10、ignificant in large atoms/molecules.Occurs in all molecules,including nonpolar ones.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,16,Melting and Boiling Points,In general,the stronger the intermolecular forces,the higher the melting and boiling points.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserve
11、d,17,The Boiling Points of the Covalent Hydrides of the Elements in Groups 4A,5A,6A,and 7A,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,18,Which molecule is capable of forming stronger intermolecular forces?N2 H2O Explain.,CONCEPT CHECK!,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,19,Draw two L
12、ewis structures for the formula C2H6O and compare the boiling points of the two molecules.,CONCEPT CHECK!,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,20,Which gas would behave more ideally at the same conditions of P and T?CO or N2 Why?,CONCEPT CHECK!,Liquids,Low compressibility,lack of rigidity,
13、and high density compared with gases.Surface tension resistance of a liquid to an increase in its surface area:Liquids with large intermolecular forces tend to have high surface tensions.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,21,Liquids,Capillary action spontaneous rising of a liquid in a n
14、arrow tube:Cohesive forces intermolecular forces among the molecules of the liquid.Adhesive forces forces between the liquid molecules and their container.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,22,Which force dominates alongside the glass tube cohesive or adhesive forces?cohesive forces,Con
15、vex Meniscus Formed by Nonpolar Liquid Mercury,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,23,Concave Meniscus Formed by Polar Water,Which force dominates alongside the glass tube cohesive or adhesive forces?adhesive forces,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,24,Liquids,Viscosity measu
16、re of a liquids resistance to flow:Liquids with large intermolecular forces or molecular complexity tend to be highly viscous.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,25,Solids,Amorphous Solids:Disorder in the structuresGlassCrystalline Solids:Ordered StructuresUnit Cells,Copyright Cengage Le
17、arning.All rights reserved,26,Three Cubic Unit Cells and the Corresponding Lattices,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,27,Bragg Equation,Used to determine the interatomic spacings.n=integer=wavelength of the X raysd=distance between the atoms=angle of incidence and reflection,Copyright C
18、engage Learning.All rights reserved,28,Bragg Equation,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,29,Types of Crystalline Solids,Ionic Solids ions at the points of the lattice that describes the structure of the solid.Molecular Solids discrete covalently bonded molecules at each of its lattice po
19、ints.Atomic Solids atoms at the lattice points that describe the structure of the solid.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,30,Examples of Three Types of Crystalline Solids,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,31,Classification of Solids,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights re
20、served,32,Closest Packing Model,Closest Packing:Assumes that metal atoms are uniform,hard spheres.Spheres are packed in layers.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,33,The Closest Packing Arrangement of Uniform Spheres,abab packing the 2nd layer is like the 1st but it is displaced so that
21、each sphere in the 2nd layer occupies a dimple in the 1st layer.The spheres in the 3rd layer occupy dimples in the 2nd layer so that the spheres in the 3rd layer lie directly over those in the 1st layer.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,34,The Closest Packing Arrangement of Uniform Sph
22、eres,abca packing the spheres in the 3rd layer occupy dimples in the 2nd layer so that no spheres in the 3rd layer lie above any in the 1st layer.The 4th layer is like the 1st.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,35,Hexagonal Closest Packing,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,
23、36,Cubic Closest Packing,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,37,The Indicated Sphere Has 12 Nearest Neighbors,Each sphere in both ccp and hcp has 12 equivalent nearest neighbors.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,38,The Net Number of Spheres in a Face-Centered Cubic Unit Cell
24、,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,39,Determine the number of metal atoms in a unit cell if the packing is:Simple cubicCubic closest packing1 metal atom4 metal atoms,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,40,CONCEPT CHECK!,A metal crystallizes in a face-centered cubic structure.
25、Determine the relationship between the radius of the metal atom and the length of an edge of the unit cell.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,41,CONCEPT CHECK!,Silver metal crystallizes in a cubic closest packed structure.The face centered cubic unit cell edge is 409 pm.Calculate the de
26、nsity of the silver metal.Density=10.5 g/cm3,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,42,CONCEPT CHECK!,Bonding Models for Metals,Electron Sea ModelBand Model(MO Model),Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,43,The Electron Sea Model,A regular array of cations in a“sea”of mobile valenc
27、e electrons.,Band or Molecular Orbital(MO)Model,Electrons are assumed to travel around the metal crystal in molecular orbitals formed from the valence atomic orbitals of the metal atoms.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,45,Molecular Orbital Energy Levels Produced When Various Numbers o
28、f Atomic Orbitals Interact,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,46,The Band Model for Magnesium,Virtual continuum of levels,called bands.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,47,Metal Alloys,Substitutional Alloy some of the host metal atoms are replaced by other metal atoms of si
29、milar size.Interstitial Alloy some of the holes in the closest packed metal structure are occupied by small atoms.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,48,Two Types of Alloys,Brass is a substitutional alloy.Steel is an interstitial alloy.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,49,N
30、etwork Solids,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,50,The Structures of Diamond and Graphite,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,51,Partial Representation of the Molecular Orbital Energies in a)Diamond b)a Typical Metal,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,52,The p Orb
31、itals and Pi-system in Graphite,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,53,Ceramics,Typically made from clays(which contain silicates)and hardened by firing at high temperatures.Nonmetallic materials that are strong,brittle,and resistant to heat and attack by chemicals.,Copyright Cengage Lear
32、ning.All rights reserved,54,Semiconductors,n-type semiconductor substance whose conductivity is increased by doping it with atoms having more valence electrons than the atoms in the host crystal.p-type semiconductor substance whose conductivity is increased by doping it with atoms having fewer valen
33、ce electrons than the atoms of the host crystal.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,55,Energy Level Diagrams for(a)an n-type Semiconductor(b)a p-type Semiconductor,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,56,Silicon Crystal Doped with(a)Arsenic and(b)Boron,Copyright Cengage Learnin
34、g.All rights reserved,58,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,59,Ionic Solids,Ionic solids are stable,high melting substances held together by the strong electrostatic forces that exist between oppositely charged ions.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,60,Three Types of Holes
35、in Closest Packed Structures,Trigonal holes are formed by three spheres in the same layer.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,61,Three Types of Holes in Closest Packed Structures,Tetrahedral holes are formed when a sphere sits in the dimple of three spheres in an adjacent layer.,Copyrigh
36、t Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,62,Three Types of Holes in Closest Packed Structures,Octahedral holes are formed between two sets of three spheres in adjoining layers of the closest packed structures.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,63,For spheres of a given diameter,the holes
37、increase in size in the order:trigonal tetrahedral octahedral,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,64,Types and Properties of Solids,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,65,Behavior of a Liquid in a Closed Container a)Initially b)at Equilibrium,Copyright Cengage Learning.All righ
38、ts reserved,66,The Rates of Condensation and Evaporation,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,67,Vapor Pressure,Pressure of the vapor present at equilibrium.The system is at equilibrium when no net change occurs in the amount of liquid or vapor because the two opposite processes exactly ba
39、lance each other.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,68,What is the vapor pressure of water at 100C?How do you know?1 atm,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,69,Vapor Pressure,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,70,Vapor Pressure,Liquids in which the intermolecular
40、forces are large have relatively low vapor pressures.Vapor pressure increases significantly with temperature.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,71,Vapor Pressure vs.Temperature,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,72,ClausiusClapeyron Equation,Pvap=vapor pressureHvap=enthalpy
41、of vaporizationR=8.3145 J/KmolT=temperature(in kelvin),Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,73,The vapor pressure of water at 25C is 23.8 torr,and the heat of vaporization of water at 25C is 43.9 kJ/mol.Calculate the vapor pressure of water at 65C.194 torr,Copyright Cengage Learning.All ri
42、ghts reserved,74,Changes of State,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,75,Heating Curve for Water,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,76,Which would you predict should be larger for a given substance:Hvap or Hfus?Explain why.,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,77,CON
43、CEPT CHECK!,A convenient way of representing the phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure:Triple pointCritical pointPhase equilibrium lines,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,78,Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,79,Phase Diagram for Water,Copyright Cengage Learning.All rights reserved,80,As intermolecular forces increase,what happens to each of the following?Why?Boiling point Viscosity Surface tension Enthalpy of fusion Freezing point Vapor pressure Heat of vaporization,CONCEPT CHECK!,
