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1、2003中国零售业信息化调查报告xx网在2003年9月发起了全国性的零售企业信息化应用情况调查。调查时间维持一个半月,发出问卷1000余份,收回真实有效问卷258份。调查采取网上调查和网下相结合的方式,参与调查的零售企业涉及全国各大主要城市,涉及不同规模、不同业态、不同性质的零售企业。根据调查的结果,我们分析如下:一、国内零售业信息建设的总体情况1、接受调查国内零售企业业态分布:从调查企业的数量来看,购物中心居多,占受调查企业的24%,百货店占17%,大卖场占20%,中小超市占20%,便利店占11%,专业店占8%。对于这个结果我们认为可能是大家对购物中心的定义还不是很明确,很多百货店也将自已归
2、为购物中心类,国内很多超市是在原百货商场部分改建或全部改建的,而且这个答案是多选,所以很多百货店和百货与超市的混合体都将自己归为购物中心,出现购物中心偏多的情况也不足为奇了。根据有效调查企业的业态分布,我们认为基本能体现国内零售的业态分布特点,所以以下的信息化调查结果是较为真实有效的。2、目前已应用的信息系统:根据调查显示,在被调查企业中有82%以上都应用了POS-MIS(销售点系统-管理信息系统),也就是说参与调查的企业基本上应用了第三代POS机并实行了单品管理;因为只有应用了销售点系统,才能给财务系统准确的数据,所以财务系统的应用程度稍逊于POS-MIS,只占67%,这充分说明了国内的零售
3、企业的信息化水平还处在一个较低的层次;3、对信息化建设的重视程度:根据调查结果显示,绝大部分零售企业对信息化建设非常重视或比较重视,看来随着信息化建设中带来的各种好处如效率提高,差错减少,成本降低,决策准确等各方面的效益的体现,使得零售业尤其是连锁超市对信息系统的依赖程度非常的高。有些零售企业甚至表示在信息系统上花再多的钱也是值得的。4、零售企业的IT部门有多少专职人员:根据调查结果显示,10人以下的占56.0,1029人的占34.2,3049人的占3.8,50人以上的占6.0。5、公司在哪些方面需加强信息化建设:57%的国内零售企业认为在供应链管理上需要加强,这种状况有两方面原因:一是国内零
4、售企业在商品通路方面确实需要应用SCM技术与其上游的供应商进行电子对接来改善商品外部供应链;另一方面应该是国内信息化厂商的物流配送模块普遍比较薄弱,内部供应链管理急待加强;其次是电子商务占48%,说明了国内零售业希望能开展网上购物以提高公司形象、方便顾客或与合作伙伴开展电子交易;再次是商业智能,看来国内零售业对啤酒和尿布的故事已经耳熟能详了;至于网站建设,因为目前大多数零售企业,主要是中小型零售企业还没有设立自己的网站,所以有40%左右的企业认为需要加强这方面的建设。二、硬件系统概况1、硬件系统的投资规模:从硬件系统的投资规模来看,10万-50万的企业最多,1000万以上的最少,其中10万至3
5、00万的硬件投入占被调查企业的73%,这充分说明了国内零售业大多还处在单店或少数店连锁运营的状态,因为零售营业总面积在2000平方米至10000多平方米所需的硬件系统系统投入也差不多是在10万至300万之间,所以这部分企业占了被调查企业的大部分。2、主要硬件产品:在服务器品牌中,选择IBM服务器的企业占了受调查企业的三分之一,这主要是由于IBM与零售业软件厂商的良好合作关系以及蓝色快车的服务,而且IBM在小型机和PC Server这两块都有非常杰出的产品;其次为HP,HP主要是凭借稳定的质量和性能获得了不少用户的青睐;在收款机品牌中,使用数量最大的还是IBM,这与其“国际商用机器公司”的称谓是
6、非常符合的;海信则是国产品牌中销量最多的;但今年随着一些台湾OEM厂商的介入和分体式收款机的逐渐流行,整个局势估计将会出现一些变化。一般商业用的打印机主要分为针式打印机和激光打印机,在针式打印机中,EPSON是应用最多的品牌,其应用最广的当为LQ1600K及后续产品;而在激光打印机中,HP占有的市场份额无疑是最大的。在条码打印设备中,Zebra占了绝对的优势,这除了Zebra的产品质量不错,产品线丰富外,最主要是因为大部分零售业软件的条码输出只有Zebra的接口,所以很多零售企业也只好购买Zebra的产品,真是强者愈强,弱者愈弱。另外,从整体上讲,从本次信息化调查可以看出,企业对硬件的选择明显
7、体现了强烈的品牌效应,主要硬件商的品牌屈指可数,而对软件商的选择和信任,就出现强烈的反差,国内的软件企业众多但能真正体现品牌效应的却不多。3、硬件系统的满意程度:对于目前使用的硬件系统的满意程度,绝大多数用户都选择了比较满意和一般两个选项,只有很少的用户选择了十分满意、较差和很差。4、购买硬件产品时最重视的因素:在商业应用中,计算机硬件产品的质量是摆在第一位的,其次是服务,价格放在并不是十分重要的位置上。因为在商场的运作中,不管是服务器的当机、网络的故障还是收款机的突然罢工都会使商场蒙受重大的声誉损失和经济损失,所以质量是商家的选择计算机硬件产品时最为重视的一点,其次就是万一出现硬件故障后如何
8、能在最短的时间恢复使用,也就是售后服务的快捷程度。三、软件系统和网络系统概况1、软件系统方面的投资规模或拟投资的规模:和硬件系统的投资规模相似,软件系统的投资规模也是10万-50万的最多,占受调查企业的40%,而软件投资规模超过100万的企业只占受调查企业的17%。一般来说,零售企业上ERP系统,软件投资规模就会超过100万,这个比例充分说明了我国零售企业的信息化水平还处在一个起步发展的阶段。2、应用软件系统的开发途径:因为专用软件的专业优势,大部分零售企业都会选择适合自己使用的专用软件,这类企业占了受调查企业的57%;只有少数实力较雄厚、从业较早的零售企业才选择自主开发,其中又以百货业态的居
9、多,这种方式能充分满足自身的应用需求,这类企业占受调查企业的10%;而与专用软件做接口,进行二次开发或功能扩充的企业也不在少数,这样既能保持技术的先进和完整性,又能满足自身的应用需求,不失为一个两全其美的好办法,这类企业占受调查企业的33%。虽然选用专业软件供应商产品的零售企业占到了57,但是自主开发和合作开发的比例之大,还是令人深思。调查中也显示,改造和升级软件、考察软件商成为企业信息化应用正在进行的主要措施。可以看出,在实际运作中,大多数零售企业的计算机系统,都没有达到他们的预期效果。零售企业认为软件开发商不懂业务,其产品不能满足企业不断发展而出现的新的需求;软件开发商则认为零售企业管理不
10、规范,管理人员素质低,对软件寄予太多的期望,认识不足,希望软件系统是万能的,是企业对信息化应用需要“管理配套,流程配合,分段进行,逐步提高”的规律认识不足,总期望找到可以一劳永逸的绝杀的办法,是一种逻辑上的懒惰思维推理。零售企业和软件开发商在信息技术应用上的矛盾,以及认识上的不统一,对零售企业有效的应用信息技术造成了很大的负面影响,也严重制约了我国零售软件开发行业的发展后劲。这种情况,在未来几年内,不能得到改进的话,将有可能成为中国零售业发展的瓶颈之一。3、目前使用的网络操作系统:看来Windows2000和WindowsNT凭借其易用性和还不错的安全性,还有价格上的优势,占据了商业网络操作系
11、统的大半壁江山,比例竟然占到了73%;Unix则是高端用户的首选,但是零售业的高端用户的数量相对比较少,所以只能占到18%的市场分额;而Linux和Netware一个是较新,一个较老,支持的应用软件都不多,所以占的份额都很小,但随着人们对Linux越来越熟悉和支持它的应用软件越来越多,相信linux的用户数量会慢慢的增加。4、目前主要使用的数据库软件:商业数据库方面一般都是选用大型关系数据库,现在还用FOXPRO、ACCESS等这样的小型数据库的零售企业已经是凤毛麟角了,在大型关系型数据库中MS-SQL用户数量最多,这得益于它便宜的价格和它与Windows操作系统的相得宜彰;SYBASE和OR
12、ACLE因各有优势而不相上下;而IBM DB2则因曲高而和寡。5、采用的远程通讯模式:因为连锁店的距离的远近和当地电信资费的差异,还有对实时性的要求,零售企业会根据不同的情况采用不同的远程通讯方式,对于实时性要求高的企业,一般会选择DDN或帧中继,虽说它们的租金比较昂贵;对于实时性要求不高的企业一般就会选择PSTN(公用电话网)、ISDN或ADSL了;VPN则是建立在互联网的基础上,用专线和拨号都可能实现广域网的互联。6、对软件系统的满意度:从调查数据来看,将近90%的零售企业对目前所用的软件是比较满意或还过得去的,很少有对软件非常满意的企业,也很少有认为目前所用的软件非常糟糕的,这与我们经常
13、在网上论坛上看到的抱怨声一片的情形相差较大,可能是好事不出门,坏事传千里的缘故吧!7、购买软件产品时最重视哪一点:软件产品是无形的,不同于其它有形的产品,软件是企业管理和运营的照相,所以购买者最看重的是软件的功能和售后服务,管理思路是企业管理的关键,所以软件的功能是最为重要的,其次是售后服务,没有良好的实施和服务,软件功能再强也没办法很好的发挥。一般来说,在购买软件之前,价格因素对选择软件的影响还是挺大的,但是运作了一段时间以后就会发现,相对于软件的功能和售后服务来说,价格其实真的算不了什么。四、综合 最关心的问题和最急需解决的问题主要有:从调查结果来看,主要问题有:1、客户关系管理; 2、连
14、锁门店间的信息化;3、供应链管理; 4、电子商务的开展 5、数据的准确与数据模型 6、系统的稳定性 对企业的信息化应用正在进行的措施主要有:1、改造和升级软件 2、加大投入和加强培训 3、考察软件商五、提出的建议和措施2004年12月11日,是个什么日子?相信中外零售企业都很清楚。按照中国在加入WTO时的承诺,这一天将宣告中国零售业入世过渡期的结束,更意味着中国对零售市场全面向外资开放承诺的兑现,那么中国零售业过渡期的最后机会在哪里?中国零售业信息技术应用应该采取什么措施呢?1、加强互信、共存共荣某业内人士说过:中国的连锁企业和从事连锁的IT企业,是中国在转型期和在加入WTO过程中,竞争最激烈
15、的“苦藤上的命运相连的两个瓜”,他们的路到底在何方。海鼎今年的现代商业管理用户研讨会上有这样一段精彩发言:商业企业信息化建设的目的,考虑更多的是如何更恰当、体贴地服务于市场消费者,为消费者争取更大的利益,令消费者满意。同样,软件商对于系统主动建设的要求,也应当是建立在如何最大限度地满足客户需求上。同客户建立“学习关系”,从客户对于企业提供的产品和服务的表现,来学习如何提供更好品质的服务和产品,进而以客户为中心,制定有效的运营方针。这里的“客户”不单单是商业企业,是跨越到了商业企业的消费者的概念,从间接的服务到直接的服务。也就是说,商业企业同软件商对于自身企业战略和运营方针应当诚恳契合在“以客户
16、满意为核心”上。有了相同的契机,也就有了共同的利益出发点。“客户进步就是自身的进步,服务客户就是服务自己”。2、上下游拓展,全面发展本次调查对零售企业近期最关心的问题和急需解决的问题也做了一个初访,从返回的信息来看,我们的零售企业正在关注上游的物流、供应链,自身的数据共享、互连互通,下游的客户关系管理。可以看出,企业逐步重视全面信息化建设的营销战略,希望实现向产业供应链组织的转变,为企业在竞争中的拓展和发展打下坚实的基础。有业内人士在文章写道:零售组织不再是楼层管理、门店管理那么简单。今天的零售组织远远超越了基础门店系统业务的管理。零售企业与其上下游供应链合作伙伴共同组成了零售业的工业化运营体
17、系。计算机网络信息技术的广泛应用,发生在一个企业内部,作用于所有的相关企业,收益和成本体现在整个供应链上。可以看到,企业之间的竞争转变为供应链管理的竞争,这是我们必须重视的管理观念的转变。这个论点是否可以给我们的零售企业一点启示吗?3、加强交流、促进发展通过本次调查,参与调查的企业对xx网在此的定位普遍给予了较好的评价,希望网站成为大家交流的桥梁和纽带。随着信息时代的飞速发展,世界变成了一个小小的地球村。正因为这样,我们才能零距离的接触到象沃尔玛、家乐福这样的世界上顶尖的零售巨头;正因为这样,我们自己也造就了上海华联、联华这样的国内百强。我们xx网作为零售业的一个桥梁和纽带,希望能够在中国零售
18、业甚至于流通业发挥更大的作用。商业企业信息化程度高并不代表企业的管理水平就一定很高,关键还在于商业企业必须有一种基于IT的执行文化,拥有一个完善的信息管理系统和管理制度并不能保证企业拥有强大的竞争力,只有同时建立起基于IT的企业执行文化才能够发挥出制度的作用。对于一个商业企业,全面的信息化应该是系统所追求的真正目标,而且,要充分认识到信息化建设的道路是漫长而持久的,长期而深入的,不可能一蹴而蹴并能一劳永逸。任何信息管理系统都不是包治百病的灵丹妙药,更不可能解决所有问题。对于商业企业而言,选择信息系统的关键要看是否适合自身情况,并设立发展里程碑,因为随着企业的发展,会提出新的需求,从而也促进系统
19、的不断升级,推动企业信息化的发展;而系统的不断完善反过来也会促进整个企业的管理水平不断提升,推动企业不断进步。IT和零售企业双方要形成了一个良性的互动循环,相互促进,共同进步,这才是中国零售行业信息化建设大家真正乐于见到的良好氛围。我们相信这个通过大家的共同努力,这个良好的氛围一定会尽快形成。Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from torna
20、does to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon an
21、d the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars
22、.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas
23、movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I wat
24、ched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a
25、leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partia
26、lly filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappoi
27、ntment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role i
28、n this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It
29、 will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The
30、 balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom
31、of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the s
32、peed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachut
33、e that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have
34、a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It
35、 might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because the
36、re is no way Id miss this.待添加的隐藏文字内容2Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle aro
37、und a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascina
38、ted with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sittin
39、g next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimagin
40、able free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would j
41、ust line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this,
42、Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, wit
43、h skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hu
44、ng his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no preci
45、pitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cr
46、uising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless
47、Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the d
48、istance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy