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1、对外汉语拼音教学 PUTONGHUA 1. Putonghua is the common language of the Han ethnic group in China. Its standard Chinese language. Its Mandarin and official. Its based on Beijing phonetics and the dialect of the northern China. 2. The Chinese language is divided into seven major dialects. Speakers of different
2、 dialects in some cases cannot understand each other, but dialects are unified by the fact that they share a common script. The seven Chinese dialects are Northern dialect, Wu dialect, Xiang dialect, Gan dialect, Min dialect, Hakka(spoken in northern Guangdong and other provinces) and Cantonese. 3.
3、Min, Hakka and Cantonese are widely spoken among overseas Chinese communities. In Taiwan a form of Min dialect is used, though the official language is Mandarin. Mandarin is also widely used in Singapore, where its known as Huayu. Cantonese is mainly used in Hongkong, Macao and Guangdong province. 4
4、. There are two system in written Chinese. One is simplified, the other is traditional. The simplified is used in Mainland. The traditional is used by H.k. Macao, Taiwan and overseas Chinese communities. How do we learn pinyin well? 1.Today we will learn pinyin. 2.What is pinyin? Pinyin is the mark
5、of phonetic notation for Chinese characters. Its made of three parts: initials, finals and tones. 3.For example, pnyn, n ho, xixi, zajan 4.After learn three parts, we should be able to pronounce every single word. 5.How do we learn pinyin? We divide our pinyin class into 10 classes. In the first or
6、second class, firstly recognize all (three parts). Secondly, practice group by group. Thirdly, do some exercises. Steps: 带读 解释 方法 放弃 Mistakes：发音部位 发音方法 莫名其妙 的读法：i First, try to pronounce i, and then your tongue stays here,gradually purse your lips.Try it yourself. 的标调方法：When you see j q x y initial
7、goes with , you can see u. INITIALS AND FINALS Initial Sounds:(22) These initial letters have the same pronunciation as in English:(f,l,m,s,(w),(y) m- (as in man) n- (as in no) l- (as in letter) f- (as in from) s- (as in student) w- (as in woman) The following initial letters have slight differences
8、 as noted below. If the comment calls for a strong puff of breath, old your open hand several inches from your mouth and make certain that you can actually feel the breath as you pronounce the letter. p- (as in pun or pop) note: use a strong puff of breath k- (as in cop) note: use a strong puff of b
9、reath t- (as in top) note: use a strong puff of breath b- (as in bum) note: no puff of breath d- (as in dung) note: no puff of breath g- (as in good) note: no puff of breath h- (as in hot) note: slightly more aspirated than in English The following initial letters are the more difficult for English
10、speakers: z-(as in friends) c-(as in bits) s-(almost the same as the pronounce of s in English) zh- (as in judge) ch- (as in church, but with a strong puff of breath) sh- (as in shirt) r- (as in run) j- (as in jeep) q- (like the ch in cheese) x- (like the sh in sheep) Final (Ending) Sounds:(39) The
11、finals connect with the Intitial sounds to create the one syllable words that are the basis of the Chinese language. Although all Chinese words are one syllable, they are often combined to create terms made from several words. -a (as in father) -an (like the sounds of John or angry) -ang (like the s
12、ound of under or rang ) -ai (as in high) -ao (as in how or out) -o (like aw) -ou (like the ow in low or boat) -ong (like the ung in lung with a slight oo sound) -e (sounds like uh) -en (like un in open) -eng (like the ung in lung) -ei (like a long a or the ei in eight) -er (like the er in herd) -i (
13、like a long e or the i in machine or see) -ia ( like ya in yard) -ian (similar to yen) -iang(-i followed by ang) -iao (like yow in yowl) -ie (like ye in yes) -in (as in bin) -ing (like sing) -iong (i merged with ong) -iu (like yo in yoga) -u (like the oo in loop) -ua (u followed by a) -uai (like wi
14、in wild) -uan (u followed by an) -uang (like wang in twang) -uang (u followed by eng, which exists only with zero initial as weng) -ui (similar to way) -un (as in fun) -uo (as in war) - (First, try to pronounce i, and then your tongue stays here, gradually purse your lips. Try it yourself) -uan ( fo
15、llowed by an, only with initials j,q,x) -ue/e -un ( with n, like French une) Rules of spelling 1. The finals of zhi chi shi ri zi ci si are i. 2. As for finals beginning with i without initials: If there is no other vowel, just add y to the beginning: y, yn，yng. If there is another vowel or other vo
16、wels, remove iand add y to the beginning: ya(-ia); ye(-ie); yao(-iao); you(-iou); yang(-iang); yong(-iong) 3. AS for finals beginning with u without initials: If there is no other vowel, just add w to the beginning: wu If there is another vowel or other vowels, remove u and w to the beginning: wa(-u
17、a); wo(-uo); wan(-uan); wang(-uang); weng(-ueng); wai(-uai); wei(-uei); wen(-uen). 4. When you see j q x y initial goes with ，you can see u. For example, Ju; quan; xue; yu; yue; yuan; yun. 5. Tone marks are marked on the vowels a o e i u according to the order. For example, ki zho. When the tone mar
18、k is on an i, the dot on the i should be omitted. For example, jn, t, zh. AS for finals iu and ui, we always put the tone marks on the latter. For example,di ni hu TONES 1. Definition Chinese is tone language. By tone language I mean the language in which every word has its specific tone or tones. 2
19、. Importance Tones can distinguish meanings. Different tones have different meanings. For example, the two pinyin have the same initial and final. They are different only in tones. For example, mi and mi, m and m. mi is the third tone and means to buy. mi is the fourth tone and means to sell. 3. A v
20、ivid illustration of Chinese tones. (pitch graph of the 4 tones) The tone marks: mother Yes? (not found) Yes！What！ In order to give you a better understanding, I will share you a pitch graph so that you will know what is tone like vividly. 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 The bigger the number, the highe
21、r the pitch. The first tone is number 5. The second tone is from number 3 to number 5. The third tone is from number 2 to 1 and then goes from number 1 to number 2 to 4. The fourth tone is from number 5 to number 1. 4. Where to place tone marks? Generally, put it on the major vowel of the final. The
22、n whats the major vowels? Its that one that appears ahead according to the order a o e i u . Eg. mi ki zho xi du 5. The neutral tone/ light tone/ toneless Some words have unstressed syllables which one toneless and therefore they are not given tone marks. Eg. . 6. How do we know a word is the neutra
23、l tone? Structural words like particles are also often unstressed and similarly unmarked. Eg. de(的） le ma(吗) When we address others, sometimes the same two Chinese characters are read together. The second one is often toneless. Eg. mma jijie other cases conventional/customary Eg. Wmen xixie tiyang y
24、njing TONAL ADJUSTMENT 1. Adjustment of the third tone In speech,when a third tone precedes another third one, it changes to a second tone. Eg. nho Tone3+tone(1,2,4.neutral)-its rising part is omitted, like half tone3 Eg. Wmi Wmen 2. Adjustment of 不(bu) and 一(yi） When y precedes tone1, tone2 and tone3, it changes to the fourth tone. When y precedes the fourth tone, it changes to the second tone. Eg. ytiny; yniny; ywny; ykuaiy Similarly, 不is fourth tone but changes to second tone b. bgo/ bnn/bhob(remain the same tone); bmnbmn
