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1、文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献 文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Creative China must find its own Path Justin 0Connor It is commonly said that China needs to catch-up with the west or the developed world. This phrase implies a singular path; there may be short cuts and late-comer advantages but the
2、destination一a modern, developed country一is the same. But just when it seems China is within touching distance, the developed world changes the definition of what it is to be developed and puts more obstacles in the path of those trying to catch-up. In English we call this moving the goal-posts. Afte
3、r manufacturing, services and high-technology seemed to present clear goals for China, the cultural creative industries arrive as the new value-added product and service sector, posing yet more problems for the countrys policy-makers. Many in the West have argued that China will take a long time to
4、catch-up in these areas and that this provides a new source of competitive advantage to 文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献 the West. Indeed, for some, the absence of a competitive cultural creative industries sector is evidence that China is not, and maybe can never be, fully developed. Much of this can be dismissed as
5、 another example of the Wests superiority complex; however, there can be no doubt that the cultural creative industries present great possibilities but also great challenges for China. These industries一from visual and performing arts, to recorded music, film and TV, to digital animation and new medi
6、a services, through to fashion, design and architecture一are highly creative and innovative products and services, relying on complex flows of knowledge and intellectual property. They are also cultural or symbolic products that reflect and influence our pleasures and ambitions, and our individual an
7、d collective sense of meaning and identity. For these reasons all nations have sought to protect and develop their own national culture and traditions by investing in cultural infrastructure and expertise. In the second half of the twentieth century this was expanded beyond the arts，一galleries, muse
8、ums, opera houses, universities, arts schools, journals etc. 一to include broadcast media, film, publishing and recorded music. In the last 20 years the emphasis has shifted from building economic infrastructures for reasons of national cultural identity to mobilizing culture and creativity for reaso
9、ns of economic development. The cultural creative industries are now strongly linked with the knowledge economy, which emphasizes high levels of research, knowledge transfer and, above all, innovation. In the West artists or cultural producers have long been associated with dynamic, often unpredicta
10、ble creative innovation. Now the innovative capacity of the cultural industries is extended to a new range of creative products and services and is also seen as a catalyst for innovation right across the economy. In China this agenda has also meant moving beyond the idea of a better industrializatio
11、n or marketisation of existing cultural products towards a more systematic approach to the idea of cultural and creative innovation and its wider economic impacts. This demands the ability to anticipate new products and services, finding new audiences, differentiating rather than imitating what alre
12、ady sells. It requires new kinds of soft skills that are hard to acquire as they are oftentacit, demanding 文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献 experience rather than formal education (though this is also necessary). It demands understanding different models of production, complex value chains and the interaction between
13、 cultural, creative and business skills. In the last few years the central driving force behind cultural and creative industries policies has been the idea of cluster. Starting from a few isolated examples in Beijing, Shanghai and other smaller coastal cities the concept has now become a central pol
14、icy platform. Cultural and creative clusters exist in the West, though these terms cover extremely diverse developments. There are some good reasons why China would choose this policy platform above others. In many large cities experiencing de-industrialisation there are empty factories that seem ri
15、pe for this kind of development. The model of concentration to facilitate rapid development also fits well with Chinas history of collectivization and more recently its development of high-tech and other R&D parks. Clusters are also attractive to policy makers because they are highly visible一success
16、ful ones give publicity to them and the city. At the same time they offer clear and concrete steps to support a sector that is very new and not very well understood. However, there are some real problems to be overcome if these clusters are to deliver what is expected of them. Many clusters emerged
17、organically, with artists looking for cheap workspace; but in China, as in the West, they soon drew attention from property developers. The first big problem faced by clusters is that cultural and creative producers raise the profile of a place and this is very quickly translated into rent rises, ty
18、pically driving out the first occupants. This is a complex problem, but my main point would be that policy cannot be driven by the dynamics of real estate. Some have said that if creative industries are seconomically important we should let the market decide. There is some truth in this; it is very
19、easy to subsidise bad artists and creative producers. However, the dynamics of real estate markets and the creative economy are very different, especially at the early stages. Cultural profile can raise rents much more rapidly than with other kinds of occupancy, often from a low base, and can provid
20、e good profit. But these rent rises are often too fast for a slowly emerging sector, which is not just to be seen as individual companies but as a complex emerging creative ecology. The real estate market measures good or bad creative by 文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献 their ability to pay the rent, not on their lon
21、g-term effect on innovation. There are easy measures for real estate success一higher rent yield一but how are we measuring the innovative capacity of the local economy? In general, local governments should not give tax breaks to real estate companies and then allow them to apply pure market rules to re
22、nts. More subtle intelligence and policy instruments are needed if government is find a productive balance in this area. Clusters are often conceived as places for the industrialization of cultural products一that is, mass production and marketing. The need for innovation is forgotten in the process.
23、There are many visual art clusters that are very much like factories, reproducing extremely outdated products for the lowest end of the art market. This might provide jobs in the short term but simply confirms China as the worlds low value producer. Similar things could be said about traditional cra
24、fts, which are extremely repetitive and are usually only protected by inter-provincial tariffs. These products might inflate the statistics一according to one report China is third largest exporter of cultural products一but they are very misleading; most of the products counted do little to enhance the
25、 innovation capacity of the cultural creative sector. Better understanding and governance of clusters is necessary. Clusters deliver benefits for many but not the entire cultural creative sector. Computer games, for example, does not benefit from clusters because more or less everything is produced
26、in-house in great secrecy. They go to clusters because of tax and rent subsidies, not to be in proximity to others. Visual artists benefit from cheaper rents, the reputation of a cool place and from space to work in quiet; they do not necessarily engage in intensive networking and knowledge transfer
27、. Other project based industries, such as new media, want the networking possibilities provided by clusters, what economists called untraced interdependencies. There are thus different requirements for the different branches, and both the mix of companies and the quality of the space need to be care
28、fully understood. 文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献 There is real scope for informed government policy here. In general they should look to raise the quality of production as well as developing new audiences and markets. Clusters can have a role in this, but they have to form part of a wider policy strategy. For examp
29、le, universities are vital to building new human capital一they have to be encouraged to look to creative skills not just teaching from established models,.Local television stations can be encouraged to pay more for high quality content一at the moment the purchase is a one size fits all approach which
30、often pays the worst and the best exactly the same. The design of urban spaces can be enhanced to support the city as a creative milieu. More directly, the cultural creative industries need new creative attitudes and mentalities that take some time to come through; they also demand a range of soft s
31、kills associated with project management, brand development and marketing which have to be learned on the job. But they find it hard to learn these skills when they are mostly delivering services at the lowest part of the value chain, where innovation effects and intellectual property go abroad. Tal
32、ent is wasted in servicing when it should be focused on developing original content. Local governments have to realize that though the cultural creative industries have strong economic benefits they are also about quality一high values which demand the long term view not the quick return of the bottom
33、 line. This push for high quality and higher levels of innovation is something that demands a more holistic approach to policy; and clusters can play a crucial role in this. Rather than be seen as convenient containers for cultural creative producers they need to become focal points for targeted dev
34、elopment. Universities and art schools need to be more involved. As do their cultural creative industry research centres. Real knowledge transfer can be encouraged and facilitated by intelligent cluster managers. The skills to run a cluster are just emerging and there are some good exemplars一but muc
35、h of it is just real estate management as in any other sector and this is a wasted opportunity. Networking events, joint marketing, seminars with foreign companies, spaces and occasions for experimentation, a carefully managed programme for the general public (too much tourism can destroy a cluster,
36、 as in Tianzi fang in Shanghai), intelligent links to other clusters and larger creative companies一all these demand specific skills to deliver. These 文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献 skills also should be disseminated and improved across between the clusters. China does need to look to foreign experts and models; but
37、 it has also shown time and again that it can also find its own way, and in ways that have astonished outsiders. It can do this with the cultural creative industries but it has to look long term, beyond immediate economic gain (including rent increases) to the long-term creative and innovative capac
38、ity of the country. It has to recognize that it is catching up at a time when western creative industry corporations are more global than ever, looking to penetrate local Chinese markets just when the country is trying to develop its own creative sector. This presents a real challenge, but I would s
39、ay that rather than try and use policy tools derived from the West, China should look to its own traditions and strengths. I do not just mean its traditional culture in terms of calligraphy or opera or ink painting; I mean its resources for social and economic development that uses, but is not subse
40、rvient to, the free market. In fact the UK, closely associated with the creative industries agenda, has very little capacity to deliver industry support, relying on demands that people be more entrepreneurial rather than deliver systematic and intelligent sectoral strategy. This is why it has let a
41、250-year-old world famous ceramics company一Wedgewood一go bankrupt. China has some things to learn from the UK, but its deep resources of intelligent and pragmatic policy will be ultimately decisive. Most important, policy makers should not loose sight of the importance of culture for collective meani
42、ng and identity. This is much more diverse, fluid and open to new influences, and the Chinese government has increasingly stood back from direct intervention. In the search for the new economic benefits of the cultural creative industries their deeper cultural contexts should not be neglected. 文化创意产
43、业创新外文翻译文献 中国要有自己的创新之路 贾斯丁 奥康纳 人们总是说中国需要赶超西方或发达国家，这似乎意味着是唯一的道路。这条路上也许会有捷径，也许会是后来者居上，但目标是相同的，即成为一个现代化的发达国家。然而在中国不断缩短与这些发达国家之间的差距时，他们也在改变着“发达”的定义，并且为其设置了种种障碍。在英语中我们称之为“不停地移动球门柱”。在继制造业，服务业，高新技术成为中国明确的目标之后，作为具有新“附加值”产品和服务的文化创意产业成了中国*的又一个难题。很多西方国家认为中国需要很长时间才可以在这个领域迎头赶上，这对西方国家来说过无疑又是一项新的竞争优势。确实如此，从某种程度上说这也
44、是个也很有力的证据，它证明了中国还不是或者永远不可能是真正意义上的发达国家。 不可否认这是西方发达国家综合优势的又一个例子，同样，对中国来说文化创意产业既大有作为又充满了挑战。这些产业从视觉表演艺术到音乐制作，影视，动漫和新型媒体服务，贯穿于时尚，设计和建筑等多个方面。它需要高度创新，提供创新的产品和服务，也依赖复杂的知识结构和知识产权保护。这些产品和服务影响我们个人和集体的民族文化识别，正因如此，所有的国家都通过投资文化基础设施和专业人才来保护和发展自己的民族传统文化。二十世纪的后半叶，这个领域从艺术，画廊，博物馆，剧院，大学，艺术学校和期刊扩展文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献 到了广播媒体，电
45、影，出版社和音乐制作。最近的二十年，人们关注的重点也从为民族文化品牌构建经济基础转移到为经济发展而调动文化和创新能力。 文化创意产业和注重高水平研究及知识的转化尤其是创新能力的知识经济有着紧密的联系。在西方国家中，文化产业者一直被认为是有着史无前例的无限创意能力的人。现在能够开发一系列创新的产品和服务的创新能力已成为经济发展的重要催化剂。在中国创意产业也从现有文化产品的产业化和市场化概念发展到了文化创新能力和其对市场的广泛影响。这需要预测产品和服务，寻求潜在客户，细化市场而不是模仿现成产品的能力。文化创意产业需要的软实力，因其较为隐蔽而不易被掌握。它需要的是实践经验而不是常规的教育。创意文化产
46、业需要理解不同类型的产品，复杂的价值链条，不同文化之间的交流互动，以及创新能力和商业技巧。最近几年推进创意产业的核心政策就是创意产业园的概念。通过京沪以及其他较小的沿海城市为数不多的例子，这个概念已经发展成了一个核心的政策平台。西方的文化创意产业园区涵盖了极为广泛的发展方向，这也是中国*优先考虑这一产业政策的原因。很多“去工业化”的大城市具有适合这种发展模式的空旷厂房和车间。这种集中化规模化以便于发展的模式和中国历史上的发展模式以及它最近发展高科技和高新技术园区的方式一脉相承。当然，文化创意产业对*官员也很有吸引力，因为它们政绩效用很明显，一目了然。成功的创意园区可以为他们和城市提供很好的公共
47、空间。与此同时，它们也为这个文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献 很新颖但不易理解的领域提供了清晰的发展步骤。然而，如果创意产业园区想要不负重望，他们还有很多问题亟待解决。 由于艺术家们往往寻求相对经济廉价的工作场所，很多创意产业园区都是有组织的形成的。但是和西方国家一样，它们会迅速的吸引房地产公司的注意。创意园区提升了所在地区的形象，导致了租金的迅速上涨，这是它们遇到的首要问题，典型的“鹊巢鸠占”。这个问题很复杂，主要是产业政策不能被房地产商的利益所驱动。有人会说，既然创意园区的经济效益这么好，那就让市场经济来决定吧。这是不可忽略的事实，我们很容易去救济经济窘迫的艺术家和创意工作者，但是地产商的利益
48、和创意经济是两码事，尤其是在初级阶段。文化创意的形象可以比其他占有者更快的提高租金，通常的情况亦以较低的成本就可以获得不错的利润。但是对于一个发展相对缓慢的产业，租金涨得也太快了。创意产业园不应该被看作是个别企业，而应当是一个正在发展的创意文化生态环境。房地产公司仅凭它们付租金的能力来判断创意产业的好坏而不是它们对创新的长期影响力。评价房产公司的成功与否很容易，只要一看房价就明明白白了。但是我们怎么评价一个地区经济的创新能力呢？实际上，当地的*不应该给房产公司相应的减免税优惠政策，而让市场规律来决定租金。如果想要在这方面找到很有效益的平衡，那就的依靠更多具体而明智的政策和规范。 创意园区往往被
49、人们误认为是文化产品工业化的地方，这里有大量的产品和市场。在这样的过程中创意的需求被忽略了。有很多视觉文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献 艺术的产业园区很像一个工厂，为艺术市场生产大量过时的产品。这在短时间内可以提供很多的工作岗位，但这只是简单的证明了这样一个事实：中国是全球低价值产品的制造者。类似的情况还有受*税收政策保护而重复生产的传统手工艺品。这些产品有可能夸大一些统计数据。据报道称，中国已经成为世界第三大文化产品出口国。但是它们很具有误导性，因为大多数的产品对提高文化创意产业的创新能力毫无用处。 进一步的了解和管理创意园区是十分必要的。文化创意产业园区可以提供了许多益处，而不是仅限于产业自身。例如几乎所有的产品都是在很工作室中秘密制作完成的电脑游戏公司并不从产业园区直接受益，它们去创意园区可不是套什么近乎，而是因为税收和租金的补贴。视觉艺术家们也从便宜的租金，很酷的名声和安静的工作环境受益，他们没有必要参与到这种集中接触和知
