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1、翻译理论英汉对比 附带习题和部分答案复习提纲： What is translation and its essence？ Translation is the expression in one language of what has been expressed in another language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence. It is a kind of cross-language, cross-culture and cross society language activity. Its essence is
2、the meaning explanation and transformation 翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的，跨语言，跨交际，跨社会的语言活动。其本质是释意，意义的转换。 types of translation From the stand point of signs: intralingual translation，interlingual translation and intersemiotic translation 从涉及的符号来看：语内翻译，语际翻译，符际翻译 From the stand point of the extent
3、to which translation is done：full translation，partial translation and translation plus editing 从翻译的方法来看：全译，摘译，编译 From the stand point of way in translation is carried out：written interlingual translation，oral interlingual translation and machine translation 从翻译的手段来看：笔译，口译，机器翻译 From the stand point o
4、f the languages involved：native language into foreign language and foreign language into native language 从source language and target language的角度：本族语译外族语，外族语译本族语 From the stand point of the subject matter：professional translation， literary translationand general translation 从翻译的题材来看：专业翻译，文学翻译，一般性翻译 p
5、rocedure of translation accurate comprehension，adequate expression and testing comprehension contains grammatical analysis，semantic analysis，stylistic analysis and discourse analysis理解分为：语法分析，意义分析，风格分析和语篇分析 adequate expression：literal translation，translation by ideas and both of them表达分为直译，意译和两者并用 c
6、riteria of translation Alexander F. Tytler A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. Popular western cri
7、teria：equivalent value，equivalent effect and equivalent functionsimilarity in function and correspondence in meaning Fedorov The exactness of translation means the exact rendering of the thought and content of the original and performs the same rhetorical function as the original. Eugene Nida functi
8、onal equivalence The crucial problem of translation is often stated in terms of conflict between formal correspondence and functional equivalence. Yan Fu faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance译事三难，信，达，雅，求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则尚达焉。 Qian Zhongshu sublimationthe transmigration of souls “Although the
9、body changes, the soul of gesture remains its old self.” Fu Lei similarity in spiritAs far as the effect is concerned, translation should be like copying a painting. What is desired is not being alike in appearance but being alike in spirit Lu Xun The minimum requirement for general translation shou
10、ld at least convey faithfully the content of the original with understandable smooth translation Liu Zhongdeliu faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness Lin Yutang The standard of faithfulness，smoothness and beauty Xu Yuanchong Beauty of meaning，beauty of sound and beauty of form 三美原则：意美，音美，形美 Luo
11、 Xinzhang Chinese traditional system：Source text orientation，seek for faithfulness，similarity in spirit and sublimation 案本：文质之争到五四之后直译与意译之争 求信：严复的信达雅是我国现代影响最大的理论体系 Four-letter criteria faithfulness and smoothness 忠实指忠实于原文的内容，风格。通顺指译文必须通俗易懂符合规范。二者相辅相成。 Functions of language Informative function(refer
12、ential function)信息功能 Expressive function表情功能 Interpersonal function人际功能 Vocative function呼唤功能 Aesthesis function美感功能 Cognitive function认知功能 Metalingual function元语言功能 meaning Connotation is also known as affecting meaning， refers to the emotive and associational aspects of a term.蕴含意义，也称为情感意义，指词内的情感和
13、联想意义。 Denotation also known as a cognitive meaning，refers to the direct relationship between a term and the object，idea，or action it designates指称意义也称认知意义，指词与所指客体，思想或行为之间的直接关系 Or 词的确切和字面的意义strict and literal meaning 词的隐含意义implied or suggested meaning Common translation method，strategy and skill常用翻译方法
14、策略技巧 1. literal translation and free translation： 直译：既忠实于原文，又符合原文的语言与文体结构。 意译：则从意义出发，只要求将原文大意表达出来，不需求过分注重细节但求译文自然流畅。 2. domestication and foreignization 由Lawrence Venuti在The Translators Invisibility译者的隐形一书中提出 归化：指“把原作者带入译入语文化”，在翻译中采用透明，流畅的风格，最大限度的淡化原文的陌生感 异化：指“指接受外语文本的语言及文化差异”偏离本土主流价值观，保留原文的语言和文化差异
15、六种主要翻译方法： 词类转换，增词，省略，重复，反译，长句拆译 the requirements of a translator good language capacities sense of grammar，sense of idiomaticness and sense of coherence good knowledge of the culture Including background of referential country，differences between two cultures and the knowledge of translation theory
16、and its relative branches high sense of responsibility Including prudent and serious working attitude and the sense of respecting and enjoying work translation and culture what is culture？文化的定义 the sum of spiritual and material wealth created by human beings in the history of social development Main
17、 features of culture A. Culture is shared by the members of a society; B. Culture is learned rather than biologically inherited; C. Culture is bio-basic; D. Culture is based on symbols. it can be divided into material culture，institutional culture and mental cultureand language belongs to the instit
18、utional culture the difference between the East and the West： Chinese：syntactic character is parataxis and grammar character is covertness English：syntactic character is hypotaxis and grammar character is overtness 汉语句法特征为意合，语法特征呈隐性，英语句法特征为形合，语法特征呈显性。 Hypotaxis：the connection between sentences and w
19、ithin a sentence uses the syntactic or lexical devices Parataxis：the connection between sentences and within a sentence uses the semantic devices East West Ideology Peace Fighting Location Continent Ocean Religion Christianity Daoism|Confucius 东方 西方 思想观念 和平性 斗争性 地域特征 大陆 海洋 宗教习俗 基督教 道家，儒家思想 中国人重伦理，英美
20、人重认知 中国人重整体偏综合性思维，英美人重个体偏分析性思维 中国人重直觉，英美人重实证 中国人重形象思维，英美人重 the contrast between Chinese and English Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan Family while English belongs to Indo-European Family Chinese is one of the oldest language while English is one of the most widely used language。 Chinese is a idiograph
21、ic-oriented syllable script while English is an alphabetic script Chinese is the tonal language while English is the intonation language Chinese and English can both use compounding，affixation，sound-changing and abbreviation to form words. Chinese still uses reduplication while English still uses co
22、nversion，backformation and clipping.(汉英都可以用合成法，缀合法，音变法和缩略法。汉语还可以使用重叠法，英语还可以使用转换法，逆构词法和截短法构词。) The history of translation 1. 我国的翻译事业有约两千年的光辉灿烂历史。从现有史料的记载看，翻译活动始于夏商两代。 2. 到了周代，因为异族杂居，翻译活动才逐渐频繁起来。 3. 佛经的翻译始于西汉哀帝刘欣时代，较大规模的翻译是在东汉桓帝建和二年开始的。 4. 安世高是安息人，他翻译了安般守意经等三十多部佛经。 5. 支娄迦谶译笔生硬，不易看懂，从此，大概就有了直译和意译这一问题。
23、6. 佛经翻译很有名的人是支娄迦谶、支亮、支谦，他们三人号称“三支”。 7. 月支派里还出现了一个名叫竺法护的大翻译家，他对佛法流传贡献很大。 8. 到了符秦时代，在释道安的主持下设置了译场，翻译事业从此从民间私人事业发展成为有组织的活动。 9. 释道安主张严格的直译，因此在他主持下翻译的鞞婆沙便是一字一句地翻译下来的。 10. 鸠摩罗什是天竺人，他主张意译，并提倡署名。 11. 到南北朝时，应梁武帝之聘，一个名叫真谛的印度佛教学者来到中国，他翻译的摄大乘论对中国佛教思想有较大影响。 12. 从隋代(公元五九O年)起到唐代，是我国翻译事业高度发达的时期。 13. 隋代历史较短，译者和译经都不多
24、，其中有释彦琮，梵文造诣很深，他为佛经翻译者提出了八条必须具备的条件，即“八备十条说”。 14. 古代翻译界的巨星玄奘、鸠摩罗什、真谛一起号称我国佛教三大翻译家。 15. 玄奘在唐太宗贞观二年出发去印度求经十七年后才回国。 16. 玄奘不但把佛经由梵文译成汉文，而且把老子著作的一部分译成梵文，成为第一个把汉文著作向国外介绍的中国人。 17. 明代的徐光启和意大利人利玛窦合作，翻译了欧几里得的几何原本的前六卷、测量法义等书。 18. XX年，李善兰与英国人伟烈亚力对欧几里得的几何原本的后九卷的翻译使几乎中断近二百年的科技翻译又延续下来。 19. 清代的林纾和他的合作者以口述笔记的方式译了一百六十
25、多部文学作品。 20. 严复是我国清末新兴资产阶级的启蒙思想家，从光绪二十四年到宣统三年(公元一八九八年到一九一年)这十三年间潜心翻译，所译作品多系西方政治经济学说。 21. 严复参照古代翻译佛经的经验，根据自己翻译的实践，在天演论卷首的译例言中提出了著名的“信、达、雅”翻译标准。 22. 马氏文通的作者马建忠于公元一八九四年所写的拟设翻译书院议中已发表了他所认为的“善译”的见解。 23. “五四”时期是我国近代翻译史的分水岭。 24. “五四”以前最显著的表现是，以严复、林纾等为代表翻译了一系列西方资产阶级学术名著和文学作品。 25. 共产党宣言的译文就发表在“五四”时期。 26. 林语堂在
26、XX年的论翻译一文中提出了三条标准：“第一是忠实标准，第二是通顺标准，第二是美的标准。” 27. “五四”时期的翻译工作在内容和形式上都起了很大变化。白话文代替了文言文。 28. 著名翻译家傅雷XX年在高老头重译本序里说：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。” 29. 第一个提出并运用理论的为东晋佛教大师释道安，他提出“五失本”、 “三不易”之说。 30. 唐朝玄奘的翻译原则为“五不翻”， 就是五种用音译的情况。 31. 钱钟书先生在其XX年发表的林纾的翻译一文中提出了翻译的最高标准为“化境”。 32. 刘重德也提出了“信”、“达”、“切”的翻译标准，即信于内容，达如其分
27、，切合原文风格。 33. 英国著名学者泰特勒 于XX年在其论翻译的原则一书中给“好的翻译”下了定义并提出了翻译中的三项基本原则。 34. 许渊冲提出了诗词翻译“三美”论。三美之间的关系是：意美最重要，音美次之，形美再次 35. 翻译的过程大体上可分为理解、表达和校核三个阶段。 famous translators in the history(有名的翻译家) China中国： 玄奘 唐代僧人，旅行家，和鸠摩罗什，真谛并称为“佛教三大翻译家”，通称三藏法师。贞观十九年，载誉回到长安，带回梵文译经六百多部，成为一代佛学大师，开创国家主持译场的风气。此后二十年献身与翻译事业，是一位伟大的双语译者 他
28、倾向直译提出了“既须求真，又需喻俗和五不翻原则” 徐光启 明朝著名科学家，科技翻译家，向西方学习意识的第一人。 和意大利传教士利玛窦一起翻译了欧几里得的和等书为我国古代数学，测量学，水利学发展提供了重要的参考资料。 他认为译书的目的是求知和“裨益民用”，只有翻译才能会通，只有会通才能超胜。 严复 中国近代著名翻译家，系统介绍西方思想，文化，制度的第一人。 主要作品：赫胥黎 天演论 亚当斯密原富 提出了近代著名的信达雅的翻译理论，成为我国翻译史上明确提出翻译标准的人。信达雅几乎触及翻译理论中的所有主要问题，对二十世纪中国的文学翻译和翻译理论研究影响甚为重大。 林纾 用文言文翻译欧美小说和大量的文
29、学作品 其中最著名的黑奴吁天录 块肉余生记(David Copperfield) 王子复仇记(Hamlet) 马建忠 在其作品拟投翻译书院译中，提出三类书籍急需翻译，并指出“需则其善者译之”的“善译”的观点。 鲁迅 他翻译和校订的作品达到34种之多，包括各个国家作家的作品，对翻译工作的态度及其严肃认真。在理论方面针对“宁顺而不信”的观点提出了,“宁信而不顺”的观点，瞿秋白认为“信”和“顺”不应当对立起来。之后鲁迅提出“凡是翻译必须兼顾两面，一面当然是力求其解，一则保持原作的风姿。”即翻译既要通顺，又要忠实。 傅雷 我国杰出的文学家，外文研究家。一位有责任感的和见地的翻译家，认为翻译重在实践。
30、XX年，在高老头重译本序中提到“重神似不重形似”即“神似”similarity in spirit 翻译的作品包括巴尔扎克的人间喜剧，罗曼罗兰的约翰。克里斯多夫和老实人 钱钟书 中国最杰出的科学家之一，著名学者，翻译理论家。 关于翻译的论述有林纾的翻译，并提出了化境的观点 Western countries： 西塞罗 他提出翻译家必须照顾译语读者的语言习惯，用符合译文读者的语言来打动读者或听众；翻译要传达是原文的意义和精神，并非原文的语言形式；因为文学作品的翻译就是再创作，翻译文学作品的译者必须具备文学天赋或素质；由于各种语言的修辞手段“彼此有相通之处”，翻译做到风格对等是完全可能的。 实际上
31、就是提出了灵活翻译类似意译的主张，也许是人类历史上最早最明确的主张。 贺拉斯(Horatius) 认为翻译应该“意义对意义”。与此同时，他主张再创作和翻译中不要墨守成规，必要时可以创造新词或引进外来词，以便丰富民族语言和增强作品的表现力。 哲罗姆(Jerome) 被誉为西方四大权威神学家之一，不仅完成了第一部“标准”拉丁语圣经的翻译工作，并提出了极有见地的翻译理论和切实可行的翻译原则：1、强调各种语言的形式差异，主张在翻译中应避免逐字对译。2、翻译方法应随原作的文本而异。3、否认圣经翻译中存在着“上帝的感召力”。 4、翻译既然是一种创造，以这就完全可以具有自己的风格特征，而且优秀的译文完全可以
32、与原作媲美。 德莱顿 将翻译粗略地分为三类：逐字翻译(metaphrase)、意译(paraphrase)和拟作(imitation) 认为逐字翻译是“带着镣铐跳舞”，而拟作又近似于创作，脱离了原作的面貌，因此主张重意义、轻语言形式的意译，这样既可以避免随心所欲，又不至于过分呆板，以词害义。 他对翻译的三分法突破了传统的二分法的局限，可以说是西方翻译史上的一大发展，具有重要的指示意义。 泰特勒 的翻译理论和思想主要见于论翻译的原则一书。该书是西方翻译理论的第一部专著，在书中，泰特勒提出了著名的翻译三原则： 1、译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容(That the translation shoul
33、d give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.)； 2、译文的风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同(That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.)；3、译文影响原文一样流畅(That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.)。 施莱尔马赫 是西方近代译论史上最著名的理论家。 他将翻
34、译分为顺从原作和顺从译作两种翻译途径，对二十世纪波斯盖特的前瞻设式(prospective)和后顾式(retrospective)翻译分类很有启发。 尤金奈达 美国著名的语言学家，圣经研究翻译专家。提出了功能对等的翻译标准 主要作品：翻译科学探索 翻译理论与实践 从一种语言到另一种语言 l 各种语言的表达效能是一致的 l 翻译要最贴切最适宜地再现原文 l 翻译必须以读者为服务的中心对象 l 语义分析 l 翻译分为分析，转换，重组和检验 乔治斯坦纳 美国学者，语言学家和翻译理论家。 主要作品：语言与翻译面面观 首先引入了历时和共时的概念，提出了基于阐释学的四个翻译步骤：信赖，侵入，吸收和补偿 翻
35、译重要学派 西方翻译理论分为三条主线： 文艺和文艺学译论 诠释学和语言学译论 跨文化交际学译论 The American Translation Workshop The Science of Translation The Early Translation Study Poly-system Deconstruction 习题归纳 填空题： 1.The period from “Wan Li” in Ming Dynasty to the beginning of Qing Dynasty saw the decline of Buddhist Scripture translation,
36、 but witnessed in the history of translation the emergence of Learning-from-the-west Movement which was represented by Xu Guangqi, _, and _ who were active in introducing the western literature, philosophy and sciences to China, and it was also in this period that the famous Triple Principles in Chi
37、nas translation history, thats, _, _, and elegance began to take shape. 2. As far as the translation process is concerned, a translator usually experiences several stages of activities such as _, _ and checking or correcting subsequently or simultaneously. 3. If “Speech is silver, silence is golden”
38、 is translated into Chinese as “雄辩是银，沉默是金”，the main technique used in this translation is _. And if “Thats all Greek to me” as “我完全不懂那玩意儿”，the technique used is _. 4. According to Eugene A. Nida, theories of translation in the western World before 1990s, if discussed in terms of certain disciplines,
39、 which have provided the basic insights to explain various aspects of translation, can be mainly divided into three branches, such as _, _, and theories based on sociosemiotics. When discussing the definition of translation, he thinks that translating consists in reproducing in the _ language the cl
40、osest _ equivalent of the _ language message, first in terms of _, second in terms of _. This phrase “closest natural equivalent” actually means “dynamic equivalence”, which has triggered hot debates in the translation circle and has been revised by Nida himself later as _ equivalence at last. 5. Wh
41、en translating texts, translators usually come across the rendering of signs, which are, according to semiotics, made up by a sign vehicle, a represent of the sign and _. Therefore, when transferring the meaning of a sign from one language into another, translators have to deal with the three aspect
42、s of signs meaning, namely, _, _ and pragmatic meaning. On the other hand, translators have to meet the challenges from culture. Therefore, some scholars argue that an ideal translator should be a bilingual and _ person. 6. From the aspect of language sign involved, translation can be classified int
43、o intralingual translation, _translation and_translation. 7. In the light of the aesthetics-oriented principle, Mr. _suggested that translation should be similar in spirit as the original while Mr. _put forward that translation should be in sublimation. 8. In the Qing Dynasty, Yan Fu put forward the
44、 three-character principle as translation standard：_,_and_. 9. The novel Uncle Toms Cabin was first translated into Chinese by the great translator, _, who didnt know foreign languages at all, but with the help of his assistants, he translated more than 160 literature works. 10. “Still waters run de
45、ep.” can be translated as “静水流深”or “深谋者寡言”, the translation techniques used in the former version is called_translation, the latter is called translation. 11. Most of the Westerners quoted “the three-principle” as translation standard, which was put forward by British translation theorist_in 18th ce
46、ntury. 12. American translation theorist _said, “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” 12. By modes, translation can be classified into _ , _ and translation with reconstruction. 14. The translation process can be divided into three steps: _, _and revision. 15. As far as the language function is concerned, translation theorists and linguists have the same points of view that language has seven functions: _,_, interperson
