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1、Agrarian Society:Bihar,India,Rabiya Jawahir,Nikita Peoples,Frederick Cave,Nicole McClain,John Rigdon,Kathy Herington,Stephanie Murad,东风汽车配件 http:/,Agrarian Societies Overview,Based on farming as main method of subsistenceUse of the plow distinguishes this type from horticultural societiesAdvanced ag
2、rarian societies have widespread access to iron/steel toolsThere is significant specialization of labor in both regions and communities,Agrarian Societies Cont.,There is often a governing elite that controls both the political and the economic aspects of lifeTrade is increasingly importantNearly eve
3、ry society was once ruled by a king or other monarchMilitary conflict is much more common,Agrarian Societies Cont.,Religion also plays a much more important roleConstruction of major architectural works is more commonspecifically temples and shrinesAdvancement of leisure and artsFurther stratificati
4、on of the social classes,Geography,Upper northeast corner of India,right before it gets squeezed between Bhutan and Bangladesh.Many important rivers pass through Bihar.In the southern foothills of the Himalaya Mountain Range,touching Nepal.,Bihar is the tan state within the red shape.,Indo-Gangetic
5、Plain,One of the most notable features of Bihar is its location in the Indo-Gangetic Plain.This plain is very fertile,making it ideal for an agrarian society.,Population and Land,Bihar has a population of 82,878,796It is a majority male population(52.6%)The total area of land is 94,163 sq.kmThis is
6、divided into two main regions:the North Ganga Plain and the South Ganga PlainFurther divided there are 37 districtsCapital city is Patna,Population and Other Statistics,Per capita income is Rs 21,696this is$538.50Density:880 people per sq.mileBirth rate:30.9 per 1000Death rate:7.9 per 1000Population
7、 grew 28.4%from 1991-2001,Economy,Bihar lags behind in the overall progress of India.Per capita GDP:Rs.4000 per month in Bihar vs.national average of Rs.12000 per month.Nearly 10%more people living below the poverty line than the average for IndiaReasons for slow developmentInadequate investment in
8、infrastructure,irrigation,and technologyCaste dominated politics,Economy:Agriculture,2 crop seasons:Kharif&RabiMajor crops:RiceSugar Tobacco WheatJuteOther minor crops:ChilliMangoOil Seeds,Economy:Agriculture,Economy:Mineral Production,Very little due to the division of southern Bihar into the separ
9、ate state of JharkhandMost mineral production takes place in JharkhandSome Minerals ProducedCoalBauxiteDolomite,Economy:Mineral Production,Economy:Attempts at Industrialization,Oil refinery in BarauniMotor scooter plant at FatuhaPower plant at MuzaffarpurNo sustained efforts,Polity,Bicameral Legisla
10、tureUpper-house Legislative CouncilLower-house Legislative AssemblyGovernor appointed by president of IndiaHead of stateReal executive power rests with Chief Minister7 administrative divisions and 39 divisionsEach division has a divisional commissionerDistrict magistrate and collector in each divisi
11、onSub divisional officer in each of the 76 subdivisions,Polity(contd),High court at PatnaChief justice and several other justicesDistrict courts and sub divisional courts,and village councilsCurrently 2 main political formationsNDAJanata Dal and Bharatiya Janata PartyRashtriya Janata DalIndian Natio
12、nal Congress,Past Polity,1995 Lalu Prasad Yadav became chief ministerCorruption charges forced his resignation but anointed his wife CM through proxyLed to deterioration of administrationVoted out of power in 2005Recent elections Have witnessed unprecedented deployment of security forcesVarying view
13、s on success of such force,Kinship:3 Kinship Groups,AhirsEndogamous/exogamous clansMarriages arrangedMarriage of first cousins prohibitedWed at time of marriageBride moves into household of husbands familyExtended familyDivorce allowed but requires approval of the castes council,Mundas,Endogamous/Ex
14、ogamousDont marry before the boy can build a plow and the girl can weave and spinMarriages negotiated and depend on consent of involved partiesBride-price paid in both cash and goodsTake up residence in husbands fathers houseNuclear family preferred,Oraons,Village and clan exogamyPatrilineal extende
15、d family5-7 membersArranged marriages most commonBride price paidDivorce rare as marriage is seen as lifelong undertaking,Social Stratification:Bihars Caste System,Indias Caste System:describes the social stratification and social restrictions in society,“in which social classes are defined by thous
16、ands of endogamous hereditary groups,often termed as jtis or castes”.“The Indian Constitution has outlawed caste-based discrimination,and caste barriers have mostly broken down in large cities.However,it still persist in rural areas of the country,and in various forms,does continue to play a major r
17、ole in Indian society and politics”.,Dominant Castes of Bihar,Different Castes:Brahman,Bhumihar,Rajput,Banias and Kayastha are the dominant castesKayasthas and Banias are the two important caste groups in the cities and towns.The Brahmans and Kshatriyas belong to the same racial stock,but the Kshatr
18、iyas“are more mixed because of their marriage with various stocks of people”.,The Kayasthas are prominent in all modern professional occupations and are generally given the status of elite castes.The Banias predominate in trade and commerce.Bhumihars are regarded as a caste different from the Brahma
19、ns and Rajputs.However members of all these caste groups have occupied prominent positions in the educational and political life of the state.,Kayasthas,Banias,Bhumihars,Rajputs or Brahmans,Lower Castes of Bihar,The lower castes consist of the Koiri,Kurmi,Kahar,and the Ahir There are many Caste riva
20、lries and prejudices because of narrow-mindedness;however,modern day education systems and efforts the enlightened youth,“are gradually doing away with the prejudices”.,The Ahirs(Yadavas),Kurmis and Koiris are land-owning castes,and they live in the plains of Bihar.The Ahirs or Yadavas are agricultu
21、ral caste.Cattle-raising is their hereditary occupation,and most are settled cultivators.Some still roam about selling milk and ghee.Koiris are agriculturists.They are distinguished from Kurmis and other purely cultivating castes by their skill in growing vegetables and other special cash crops.They
22、 work as market-gardeners in the neighborhoods of the big towns.Many Koiris are rich land owners that still hold occupancy rights.,Ahirs=raise cattle,Koiris,Most notable castes of Bihar,The most notable castes are Bhumij,Chamar(Mochi),Dhobi,Dom,Dusadh,Musahar,Nat and Pasi.Their means of livelihood i
23、s hard manual labor or menial labor.About 92 percent of the total population of these castes lives in the village while those in the towns and cities are slum-dwellers who work on pavements(much like our homeless).Although education is free for them,the vast majority of them still illiterate.,The Mu
24、sahars are field laborers whose wages are paid in cash or in kind according to the traditional custom in the villages.The Dusadhs are of aboriginal descent.A large number of them serve as watchmen.They are also employed as village messengers,grooms,elephant drivers and wood cutters and porters.The D
25、hanuks are servant class found in every place where there are high caste Hindus.They perform menial household duties along with their family.Some Dhanuks are also cultivators while the females act as maid servants.,Musahars,Dusadhs,Dhanuks,Caste System Today,Prejudice against the lower castes is gra
26、dually disappearing in Bihar.In the country districts,the influence of Zamindar(land lords)families is still considerable,but their influence is based more on their position as landlords than as persons of title.The middle class is made up of professionals that for the most part have done away with
27、caste prejudices.Marriage is somewhat different:though inter-caste marriages are now relatively common in India,many Indians still consider caste a major criterion for matrimonial choices.Biharis still prefer to go in for arranged marriages in their own community and caste.,Ideology:Three Main Relig
28、ions in Bihar,HinduismBuddhismJainism,Ideology:Hinduism,The third largest religion in the world with diverse sects.Five Basic Tenets:Dharma(ethics or duties)Samsara(the continuing cycle of rebirth)Karma(action and reaction)Moksha(liberation from samsara)Yogas(paths or practices),Ideology:Buddhism,Go
29、verned by the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama known as BuddhaRebirthKarmaThe Four Noble TruthsThere is sufferingThere is a cause of sufferingThere is the cessation of sufferingThere is a way leading to the cessation of sufferingOften described as a way of life instead of a religion.,Ideology:Jainism
30、,Founded in the 6th century B.C.in ancient Bihar.Three main tenets:Ahimsa(non-violence):Towards both humans and animals.Leads to the propagation of vegetarianismAparigraha(non-attachment):Freeing the soul through the disregard of material objects.Anekantwad(relativity):No absolute truth.Everything i
31、s possible.,Education:History,Historically Bihar has been a major center of learningOriginated from the time of Buddha or even earlierHome of one of the earliest universities,Nalanda,which dates back to the 5th centuryVikramshia,which is another university is located there as well,Education:History,
32、During medieval period,education was lostBelieved that marauding armies of the invaders destroyed the centers of learning,Education,During 1970s and 1980s government took control over private schoolsBecause government was ill-equipped the standards of the schools began to fallHowever,government did
33、not take over schools ran by Christian missionaries,and these schools still provided quality education,Education,Central government runs a number of Kendriya Vidyalayas(Central Schools)Jawahar Navodaya Schools were made by the late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi for rural childrenHave been successful i
34、n providing quality education to the weaker sections of the society,Education,Modern Bihar has an inadequate educational infrastructure which places a huge impact between supply and demandThe growing population has made the situation even worse,and has led to a“flooding”of the student population to
35、other states in order to obtain a better educationOnly 51%of the children enrolled in primary school actually attend,59%of those who do attend do not have textbooks,and 13%of the children in Bihar are not enrolled at all.,Education,Has an overall literacy of 47.53%Male literacy rate of 60.32%Female
36、literacy rate of 33.57%Only 21%of all primary school teachers have completed the matriculationBecause of the law of affirmative action that reserves jobs and education for people of backward classes,students from Bihar are performing well in respect to better economically well off states in India,St
37、atus of Women,Women in Bihar are subjected to following a system called Purdah,and it is almost as oppressive as the Taliban era in Afghanistan.88%of girls marry before age 17-despite the fact that national law says women cannot marry before the age 18.,Purdah System,Purdah literally means curtainRe
38、aches across Hindu and Muslim lines.Women must be covered in public.Women cannot travel without their husbands permission.Most women can only associate with family members,or those approved by the family.Often,men even do the shopping so that women do not need to go out in public unaccompanied.,Stat
39、us of Women,Women must have a dowry before they get married.A womans possessions go to her husband,and then upon her death,to her children.,A woman in Bihar has very few possessions,usually no education,and very little autonomy.,Culture of Bihar:Festivals,ChhathWorship of the Sun GodTeejWorship of G
40、oddess Parvati,Bihar:Music,Folksongs dealing with everyday lifesohar-performed during childbirthsumangali-associated with weddingropnigeet-performed during the season of sowing paddykatnigeet-performed during the paddy harvesting season,Question 1,What does the word purdah mean?a)closedb)curtainc)cu
41、t-offd)womane)wicked,Question 2,Although India is making all efforts to do away with caste-discriminations,in which parts of India does caste discrimination still play a major role in society and politics?Townscities urban areasrural areas,Question 3,Compared to the rest of India economically,Bihar
42、is Progressing at the same rateLagging behindAdvancing more quickly,Question 4,Which of the following religions originated in ancient Bihar 6th Century BC?HinduismJainismIslam,Question 5,What is the festival of Chhath for?Worship of Goddess ParvatiWorship of the God of the SunCelebration of a good harvest,Works Cited,http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_caste_systemhttp:/www.country-Encyclopedia Britannica.Nolan,Patrick.Human Societies.Paradigm Publishers.Boulder,CO.2004http:/,
