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1、American Pronunciation WorkshopPronunciation Workshop Instructor：Paul Gruber Introduction： When you learned English as a second language, you kept many of the sounds and speech rules from your first language and you were continuing to use them when you speak English. This is what gives you an accent
2、. You were using the sounds and speech rules from your native language instead of the sounds and speech rules of English. This program will show you and train you on how to use these sounds and speech rules correctly and showing you how to correctly form new sounds by changing the position of your t
3、ongue or changing the shape of your lips. These small changes are going to make very big changes in your speech. How to Practice Speak slowly Use a Loud Voice Exaggerate Your Mouth Movements What would you be doing is retraining the muscles of your mouth in your tongue to move in new ways, which wil
4、l produce a new pronunciation patterns. These new speech patterns will slowly and eventually involve into your own spontaneous fast speech, but it is important that you start out going very slow. The Key to Success Being aware of your errors Recognizing mistakes when you hear them When most American
5、s speak you will notice that we seem to open our mouth a lot and there is a great amount of mouth movements. Arrangement of this program During the course of this program, I will begin by addressing consonant sounds and then later on well work with vowel sounds. Now vowel sounds, as you know, are A
6、E I O and U, like ahh, ohh, eee, ehh, ihh and ooo. And consonant sounds are basically all the other letters sounds, like b, ch, s, t, f, g, sh, w and of course, there are many many more sounds. Session One 辅音R和W的发音方法与训练 1. Consonant R 2. Consonant W R Tips Mouth and lips come tightly forward as if y
7、ou would be saying the OO sound. Tongue moves back. Now one way of checking if youre doing this correctly with your tongue is by actually putting your finger around an inch into your mouth while saying an R sound. You should be able to take the tip of your finger and feel the tip of your tongue. Pra
8、ctice (09:00-12:34) R at the beginning of words (like Rock Rain) Bringing your mouth forward and pulling your tongue back. R at the end of words or after a vowel (like Car Far Air Poor) Your tongue hasta pull back and also your lips close a little bit in the front. The R needs to be very strong and
9、you need to close the word. R in the middle of words(like Very Arrange Everyone) Your tongue is back and your lips are coming all the way forward. R Blends (12:34-14:10) The R is always the strongest sound of the blend. Your lips come forward before you even say the word. When the blend is at the be
10、ginning of a word, your mouth prepares for the R, by coming forward before you even say the word. R blends at the beginning of words(Training Trust) R blends in the middle of words W Tips(15:34-17:42) Practice first with OO. Then go into OOOOOWAWAWA. Remember, A W is always makes a W sound. It NEVER
11、 makes a V sound. Remember, the W sound is also at the beginning of the words One and Once. Practice (17:43-19:24) W at the beginning of words W in the middle of words Dont forget to bring your mouth forward at the beginning of each word. Q sounds (Q=KW) (19:24-20:18) For example, the word Quick is
12、pronounced with the K and the strong W sound. KWICK, like that. Session Two (22:50-44:25) 由学S与Z音标引出的辅音对比练习 1. Voicing 2. Consonant pairs 3. Consonant S 4. Consonant Z Voicing Voicing is when your vocal cords are vibrating in your throat, producing a sound. All vowels are voiced. Some consonants are
13、voiced, some are not. (24:35-26:23) Paired Consonants: (26:23-29:11) P&B T&D F&V SH&ZSH K&G S&Z Consonant S & Consonant Z : (29:11-30:00) The S consonant, made with the air going through your front teeth. /s/ the S sound is unvoiced.You just add voicing. What would the S sound become /s/-/z/. It wil
14、l become a Z sound/z/. So S has no voicing /s/, Z has voicing/z/. So we say the S sound and Z sound are also Pair Consonants. And this brings us to what I would like to cover today-S sounds/s/, Z sounds /z/and how they work in terms of word endings. Three rules for S&Z endings (30:11-38:27) Rule 1 I
15、f the last sound in a word is unvoiced, and youre adding an S, well, then the S remains unvoiced, too. Examples: 1 cup, 2 cups (the p in cup is unvoiced, so you just add an unvoiced s) I break, he breaks Rule 2 If a word ends in any of these sounds: s, z, sh, ch, or dg (j), when adding an S ending,
16、add IZZZZZZ Examples: 1 Page 2 Pages I Raise, He Raises Rule 3 If a word ends in a vowel sound (like the word Tree) or a voiced consonant (like the word Game), then when you add an S, continue the voicing throughout the entire word, and it should become a voiced ZZZZ. Examples: 1 Tree, 2 Treezzzz (c
17、orrectly spelled Trees) 1 Day, 2 Days I Fly, He Flies Some common words where Ss are pronounced as Zs (38:27-39:50) Is His As Was These Those Easy Because Session Three (44:41-61:15) th,thr,t音标发音学习与练习 1. The Unvoiced TH Sound 2. The Voiced TH Sound 3. THR Blends 4. Voicing the T Sound The Unvoiced T
18、H Sound (46:55-49:53) Flat tongue protruding through your teeth. Maintain a steady air stream. Stretch out the TH sound. Example: Think of the word Thumb as having two beats Th . umb 1 2 Unvoiced TH at the beginning of words(Thanks Thick) Unvoiced TH at the middle of words(Anything Bathmat) Unvoiced
19、 TH at the end of words(Bath North) The Voiced TH Sound (49:53-53:05) To make a voiced TH sound, you just need to add voicing to the unvoiced th sound. Theres the voiced TH. You should be able to feel the strong vibration in your throat and on your tongue. Voiced TH at the beginning of words (The Th
20、at) Voiced TH in the middle of words (Clothing Mother) Voiced TH at the end of words (Smooth Bathe) THR Blends: the combination of TH sound and the R sound (55:18-56:30) Be aware that the R is the strongest sound of the blend and its louder than the TH. So when you say a word which begins with THR.
21、First make the TH sound and then strongly push out the R.(Thread throw) TH Exceptions (58:20-60:47) Although the following words are spelled with a TH, they are pronounced as a T. Thomas Thompson Theresa Thailand Thames Esther Thyme Voicing the T Sound If a T falls within two voiced sounds (usually
22、vowels), the T becomes voiced like a D. Examples: Water Wader (the whole word is voiced) Better Bedder Butter Budder Voiced T Practice Betty bought a bit of better butter. But, said she, this butters bitter. If I put it in my batter, itll make my batter bitter. Session Four(61:28-80:21) F,V,SH和ZSH发音
23、详解及区别 1. Consonant F 2. Consonant V 3. The Unvoiced SH Sound 4. The Voiced SH Sound Consonants F and V (62:40-63:39) Consonants F and V are produced with contact of your upper teeth and lower lip. Think of it as biting your lower lip. Maintain a steady air stream. They are both identical, except the
24、 F is unvoiced, and the V is voiced. Fs and Vs are friction sounds and not that loud. So we stretch these sounds out a little bit, so they can be clearly heard. Practice F and V (63:40-72:46) The OF Exception NOT OF. BUT OV. The Unvoiced SH Sound (72:48-73:36) To make the Unvoiced SH sound, bring yo
25、ur mouth and lips forward, teeth should be slightly apart. Produce air stream. Words beginning with SH begin with this sound. (So are the words Sugar, Sure, Chef and Chicago.) SH practice (73:36-76:29) The Voiced SH Sound (76:29-77:00) The Voiced SH sound is exactly like the SH except voicing is add
26、ed. To produce this sound, first make a sound and then you add voicing - -, like that. . Now, for some people this may take a little bit of practice, you should feel the vibrations right here in your throat . SH practice (77:00-78:31) Usual(Uzshual) Put your hand on your throat and feel for the vibr
27、ation in the second syllable U-ZSHU-AL. Session Five (80:25-93:20) 辅音L的发音详解 1. Consonant L L Tips: (81:05-83:05) Your bottom jaw should be down and your mouth should be wide open. Your tongue should RISE UP (independently of your jaw) and touch right behind your top teeth. Produce the L sound by dro
28、pping and relaxing your tongue. Practice “LA, LA, LA”, keeping your bottom jaw lowered and open while only raising your tongue. Practice(83:05-87:48) To produce an L at the end of a word, remember to slowly raise your tongue upward, towards your upper teeth, while keeping your bottom jaw as open as
29、possible. The L sound comes from the tongue movement, not from the placement. (Using your finger to push down on your bottom teeth to keep your jaw open, may be helpful for practicing.) FL Blend (87:48-89:05) Here we re combining two sounds that we have already covered. The F sound and now the L sou
30、nd. Don t forget to first bite your lips for that F/f/, like that and then quickly push your tongue up and against your teeth for the L to creat the FL blend Fly Comparing R and L(90:52-92:12) Keep in mind when you re producing an L, your tongue moves forward and up behind your tip. When you re prod
31、ucing an R sound, your lips move forward but your tongue moves all the way back. Basically, the L and the R are completely opposite sounds. L and R Combinations (92:12-93:02) These words and phrases having an L sound and an R sound right next to each other. This forces you to make a clear L and then
32、 roll it right into a strong R. Example: Seal ring Session Six(93:30-106:35) 单词结尾的注意事项 1.Word Endings Often people who speak English as a second language drop the endings or final sounds off their words, well, they do not pronunce the final sounds correctly. Make sure that the final sounds in your w
33、ords come through clearly and fully. Dont drop off or shorten the endings!(94:12- 95:50) Practice P/B/T/D ending (95:50-98:48) Three rules for ED endings(98:48-103:10) Many verbs that are in the past tense end in ED. Rule 1 If a word ends in an unvoiced consonant, when adding ED, just add an Unvoice
34、d TExample: Jump jumped. (pronounced jump T) Rule 2 If a word ends in a voiced consonant, add a Voiced D Example: Rub Rubbed Today I rub, yesterday I rubbed. (pronounced rub-D) Rule 3 If a word ends in a T or a D sound, we add a Voiced ID Example: Lift Lifted Today, I lift the ball. Yesterday, I lif
35、ted the ball. Three Nasal Sounds: M N NG(104:09-106:15) Try to say the M sound /m/ while closing off your nose. You see you can not do it. Because the M sound comes out of your nose. Its the nasal sound.Same thing with the NG sound- - comes out of your nose. Its a combination of a N and a G and its
36、found at the ends of words, like Ring and Sing. And I want you to realize that theres not a /k/ K sound. Session Seven (106.48-118:02) 音标字母组合ch，dg和h 1. CH sound 2. The American J sound (DG) 3. Consonant H Ch sound and J sound (107:37-109:24) CH Unvoiced as in Ch-ur-ch, Its a combination of the T sou
37、nd/t/ and the SH sound . When you put these two sounds together, you get a . Its an unvoiced sound. American J Voiced as in J-u-dge, if you take this CH sound and you keep everything in your mouth the same, you just add voicing. It becomes an American J sound . CH , unvoiced. J, voiced. Practice(109
38、:24-113:20) Consonant H (113:28-114:12) When an H is at the beginning of a word it is pronounced with a strong, loud air-stream. Practice: Ha. Ha Ha. Put your hand in front of your mouth for this exercise. You should be able to feel the airstream come out onto the palm of your hand. Note that some w
39、ords in English that begin with the letter W are also pronunced just like an H Practice (114:12-117:09) Session Eight (118:14-129:48) 美语元音ee和i 1. American English Vowels 2. Vowel EE 3. Vowel I American English Vowels (118:47-120:18) There are five vowel letters in English: A E I O and U. But there a
40、re around 15 vowel sounds and some vowels have as many as 10 different spellings. Vowel sounds are made by slightly changing the Size, Shape and the Tension of the muscle in your mouth, your tongue and your lips. A small change can produce an entirely different sound. Instead of giving you diagrams
41、of tongue placement-how round your lips should be or how far you should open your mouth. I believe the best way to learn American vowels is by Ear Training. Listen carefully and repeat. To help teach you the American vowel sounds, I ll separate them to two groups: front vowels and back vowels. When
42、your tongue rises up in the front, it s a front vowel. When your tongue rises up in the back, it s a back vowel Front Vowels: (From high to low)(120:18-123:50) EE - I - AE - EH A i: i ei e EE as in Heat I as in Hit AE as in Hate EH as in Het (nonsense word) A as in Hat Heat - Hate - Het - Hat Back V
43、owels: (From high to low) (121:45-122:59) OO - Uh - Oh - Aw - Ah u: u OO as in Boot Uh as in Book Oh as in Boat Aw as in Bought Ah as in Bot (nonsense word) Boot - Book - Boat - Bought Bot Comparing Heat (EE) and Hit (I)(122:59-129:42) Remember: Heat is high. Hit is lower. EE Vowel Sound Remember, s
44、mile and think high. i vowel sound Session Nine(130:00-144:42) 元音ow和ae 1. Vowel OW 2. Vowel AE Vowel O (131:10-132:45) The Hidden W: OWE, OWE, OWE, OWE, OWE Woke and Wont(134:51-137:50) Practice: WOWOWOWOWO Woke： Whoa+K Wont： Whoa+nt Vowel AE (137:50-138:22) This sound is a combination of two vowel
45、sounds. You start with an A and then you glide up to an E. AE, AE. Notice how my mouth also closes a little bit at the end of the vowel AE. The 50 United States (Stressed sounds are in bold)(140:35-144:25) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawai
46、i Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Ten
47、nessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Session Ten(144:52-154:18) 元音字母组合oo,uh,eh 1. Vowel OO 2. Vowel UH 3. Vowel EH OO Vowel Sound(146:08-146:37) Bring your lips tight and forward Double OO words that are pronounced as UH(148:18-149:19) Food has a high vowel (OO) Foot has a lower vowel (UH) EH Vowel Sounds(151:51-152:12) It s made with the front of the tongue low. Session Eleven(154:29-163:09) 元音字母组合a,au和ah 1. Vowel A as in Hat 2. Vowel AU as in Out 3. Vowel
