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1、International Financial ManagementCHAPTER 8 MANAGEMENT OF TRANSACTION EXPOSURE SUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS QUESTIONS 1. How would you define transaction exposure? How is it different from economic exposure? Answer: Transaction exposure is the sensitivity
2、of realized domestic currency values of the firms contractual cash flows denominated in foreign currencies to unexpected changes in exchange rates. Unlike economic exposure, transaction exposure is well-defined and short-term. 2. Discuss and compare hedging transaction exposure using the forward con
3、tract vs. money market instruments. When do the alternative hedging approaches produce the same result? Answer: Hedging transaction exposure by a forward contract is achieved by selling or buying foreign currency receivables or payables forward. On the other hand, money market hedge is achieved by b
4、orrowing or lending the present value of foreign currency receivables or payables, thereby creating offsetting foreign currency positions. If the interest rate parity is holding, the two hedging methods are equivalent. 3. Discuss and compare the costs of hedging via the forward contract and the opti
5、ons contract. Answer: There is no up-front cost of hedging by forward contracts. In the case of options hedging, however, hedgers should pay the premiums for the contracts up-front. The cost of forward hedging, however, may be realized ex post when the hedger regrets his/her hedging decision. 4. Wha
6、t are the advantages of a currency options contract as a hedging tool compared with the forward contract? Answer: The main advantage of using options contracts for hedging is that the hedger can decide whether to exercise options upon observing the realized future exchange rate. Options thus provide
7、 a hedge against ex post regret that forward hedger might have to suffer. Hedgers can only eliminate the downside risk while retaining the upside potential. 5. Suppose your company has purchased a put option on the German mark to manage exchange exposure associated with an account receivable denomin
8、ated in that currency. In this case, your company can be said to have an insurance policy on its receivable. Explain in what sense this is so. Answer: Your company in this case knows in advance that it will receive a certain minimum dollar amount no matter what might happen to the $/ exchange rate.
9、Furthermore, if the German mark appreciates, your company will benefit from the rising euro. 6. Recent surveys of corporate exchange risk management practices indicate that many U.S. firms simply do not hedge. How would you explain this result? Answer: There can be many possible reasons for this. Fi
10、rst, many firms may feel that they are not really exposed to exchange risk due to product diversification, diversified markets for their products, etc. Second, firms may be using self-insurance against exchange risk. Third, firms may feel that shareholders can diversify exchange risk themselves, ren
11、dering corporate risk management unnecessary. 7. Should a firm hedge? Why or why not? Answer: In a perfect capital market, firms may not need to hedge exchange risk. But firms can add to their value by hedging if markets are imperfect. First, if management knows about the firms exposure better than
12、shareholders, the firm, not its shareholders, should hedge. Second, firms may be able to hedge at a lower cost. Third, if default costs are significant, corporate hedging can be justifiable because it reduces the probability of default. Fourth, if the firm faces progressive taxes, it can reduce tax
13、obligations by hedging which stabilizes corporate earnings. 8. Using an example, discuss the possible effect of hedging on a firms tax obligations. Answer: Taxes can be a large market imperfection. Corporations that face progressive tax rates may find that they pay less in taxes if they can manage e
14、arnings by hedging than if they have “boom and bust” cycles in their earnings stream. Under progressive corporate tax rates, stable before-tax earnings lead to lower corporate taxes than volatile earnings with the same average value. This happens because under progressive corporate tax rates, the fi
15、rm pays more taxes in high-earning periods than it saves in low-earning periods. 9. Explain contingent exposure and discuss the advantages of using currency options to manage this type of currency exposure. Answer: Companies may encounter a situation where they may or may not face currency exposure.
16、 In this situation, companies need options, not obligations, to buy or sell a given amount of foreign exchange they may or may not receive or have to pay. If companies either hedge using forward contracts or do not hedge at all, they may face definite currency exposure. 10. Explain cross-hedging and
17、 discuss the factors determining its effectiveness. Answer: Cross-hedging involves hedging a position in one asset by taking a position in another asset. The effectiveness of cross-hedging would depend on the strength and stability of the relationship between the two assets. PROBLEMS 1. Cray Researc
18、h sold a super computer to the Max Planck Institute in Germany on credit and invoiced 10 million payable in six months. Currently, the six-month forward exchange rate is $1.10/ and the foreign exchange advisor for Cray Research predicts that the spot rate is likely to be $1.05/ in six months. (a) Wh
19、at is the expected gain/loss from the forward hedging? (b) If you were the financial manager of Cray Research, would you recommend hedging this euro receivable? Why or why not? (c) Suppose the foreign exchange advisor predicts that the future spot rate will be the same as the forward exchange rate q
20、uoted today. Would you recommend hedging in this case? Why or why not? Solution: (a) Expected gain($) = 10,000,000(1.10 1.05) = 10,000,000(.05) = $500,000. (b) I would recommend hedging because Cray Research can increase the expected dollar receipt by $500,000 and also eliminate the exchange risk. (
21、c) Since I eliminate risk without sacrificing dollar receipt, I still would recommend hedging. 2. IBM purchased computer chips from NEC, a Japanese electronics concern, and was billed 250 million payable in three months. Currently, the spot exchange rate is 105/$ and the three-month forward rate is
22、100/$. The three-month money market interest rate is 8 percent per annum in the U.S. and 7 percent per annum in Japan. The management of IBM decided to use the money market hedge to deal with this yen account payable. (a) Explain the process of a money market hedge and compute the dollar cost of mee
23、ting the yen obligation. (b) Conduct the cash flow analysis of the money market hedge. Solution: (a). Lets first compute the PV of 250 million, i.e., 250m/1.0175 = 245,700,245.7 So if the above yen amount is invested today at the Japanese interest rate for three months, the maturity value will be ex
24、actly equal to 25 million which is the amount of payable. To buy the above yen amount today, it will cost: $2,340,002.34 = 250,000,000/105. The dollar cost of meeting this yen obligation is $2,340,002.34 as of today. (b) _ Transaction CF0 CF1 _ 1. Buy yens spot with dollars -$2,340,002.34 245,700,24
25、5.70 2. Invest in Japan 3. Pay yens Net cash flow - 245,700,245.70 250,000,000 - 250,000,000 - $2,340,002.34 _ CHAPTER 9 MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC EXPOSURE SUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS QUESTIONS 1. How would you define economic exposure to exchange risk? Answ
26、er: Economic exposure can be defined as the possibility that the firms cash flows and Thus its market value may be affected by the unexpected exchange rate changes. 2. Explain the following statement: “Exposure is the regression coefficient.” Answer: Exposure to currency risk can be appropriately me
27、asured by the sensitivity of the firms future cash flows and the market value to random changes in exchange rates. Statistically, this sensitivity can be estimated by the regression coefficient. Thus, exposure can be said to be the regression coefficient. 3. Suppose that your company has an equity p
28、osition in a French firm. Discuss the condition under which the dollar/franc exchange rate uncertainty does not constitute exchange exposure for your company. Answer: Mere changes in exchange rates do not necessarily constitute currency exposure. If the French franc value of the equity moves in the
29、opposite direction as much as the dollar value of the franc changes, then the dollar value of the equity position will be insensitive to exchange rate movements. As a result, your company will not be exposed to currency risk. 4. Explain the competitive and conversion effects of exchange rate changes
30、 on the firms operating cash flow. Answer: The competitive effect: exchange rate changes may affect operating cash flows by altering the firms competitive position. The conversion effect: A given operating cash flows in terms of a foreign currency will be converted into higher or lower dollar (home
31、currency)amounts as the exchange rate changes. 5. Discuss the determinants of operating exposure. Answer: The main determinants of a firms operating exposure are (1) the structure of the markets in which the firm sources its inputs, such as labor and materials, and sells its products, and (2) the fi
32、rms ability to mitigate the effect of exchange rate changes by adjusting its markets, product mix, and sourcing. 6. Discuss the implications of purchasing power parity for operating exposure. Answer: If the exchange rate changes are matched by the inflation rate differential between countries, firms
33、 competitive positions will not be altered by exchange rate changes. Firms are not subject to operating exposure. 7. General Motors exports cars to Spain but the strong dollar against the peseta hurts sales of GM cars in Spain. In the Spanish market, GM faces competition from the Italian and French
34、car makers, such as Fiat and Renault, whose currencies remain stable relative to the peseta. What kind of measures would you recommend so that GM can maintain its market share in Spain. Answer: the firm can use the following strategies for Managing Operating Exposure: Selecting Low Cost Production S
35、ites Flexible Sourcing Policy Diversification of the Market R&D and Product Differentiation Financial Hedging Possible measures that GM can take include: (1) diversify the market; try to market the cars not just in Spain and other European countries but also in, say, Asia; (2) locate production faci
36、lities in Spain and source inputs locally; (3) locate production facilities, say, in Mexico where production costs are low and export to Spain from Mexico. 8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of financial hedging of the firms operating exposure vis-vis operational hedges (such as relocating
37、 manufacturing site)? Answer: Financial hedging can be implemented quickly with relatively low costs, but it is difficult to hedge against long-term, real exposure with financial contracts. On the other hand, operational hedges are costly, time-consuming, and not easily reversible. 9. Discuss the ad
38、vantages and disadvantages of maintaining multiple manufacturing sites as a hedge against exchange rate exposure. Answer: To establish multiple manufacturing sites can be effective in managing exchange risk exposure, But it can be costly because the firm may not be able to take advantage of the econ
39、omy of scale. 10. Evaluate the following statement: “A firm can reduce its currency exposure by diversifying across different business lines.” Answer: Conglomerate expansion may be too costly as a means of hedging exchange risk exposure. Investment in a different line of business must be made based
40、on its own merit. 11. The exchange rate uncertainty may not necessarily mean that firms face exchange risk exposure. Explain why this may be the case. Answer: A firm can have a natural hedging position due to, for example, diversified markets, flexible sourcing capabilities, etc. In addition, to the
41、 extent that the PPP holds, nominal exchange rate changes do not influence firms competitive positions. Under these circumstances, firms do not need to worry about exchange risk exposure. PROBLEMS 1. Suppose that you hold a piece of land in the City of London that you may want to sell in one year. A
42、s a U.S. resident, you are concerned with the dollar value of the land. Assume that, if the British economy booms in the future, the land will be worth 2,000 and one British pound will be worth $1.40. If the British economy slows down, on the other hand, the land will be worth less, i.e., 1,500, but
43、 the pound will be stronger, i.e., $1.50/. You feel that the British economy will experience a boom with a 60% probability and a slow-down with a 40% probability. (a) Estimate your exposure b to the exchange risk. (b) Compute the variance of the dollar value of your property that is attributable to
44、the exchange rate uncertainty. (c) Discuss how you can hedge your exchange risk exposure and also examine the consequences of hedging. Solution: (a) Let us compute the necessary parameter values: E(P) = (.6)($2800)+(.4)($2250) = $1680+$900 = $2,580 E(S) = (.6)(1.40)+(.4)(1.5) = 0.84+0.60 = $1.44 Var
45、(S) = (.6)(1.40-1.44)2 + (.4)(1.50-1.44)2 = .00096+.00144 = .0024. Cov(P,S) = (.6)(2800-2580)(1.4-1.44)+(.4)(2250-2580)(1.5-1.44) = -5.28-7.92 = -13.20 b = Cov(P,S)/Var(S) = -13.20/.0024 = -5,500. You have a negative +, positive exposure! As the pound gets stronger (weaker) against the dollar, the d
46、ollar value of your British holding goes down (up). (b) b2Var(S) = (-5500)2(.0024) =72,600($)2 (c) Buy 5,500 forward. By doing so, you can eliminate the volatility of the dollar value of your British asset that is due to the exchange rate volatility. 2. A U.S. firm holds an asset in France and faces
47、 the following scenario: Probability Spot rate P* P State 1 25% $1.20/ 1500 $1,800 State 2 25% $1.10/ 1400 $1,540 State 3 25% $1.00/ 1300 $1,300 State 4 25% $0.90/ 1200 $1,080 In the above table, P* is the euro price of the asset held by the U.S. firm and P is the dollar price of the asset. (a) Compute the exchange exposure faced by the U.S. firm. (b) What is the variance of the dollar price of this asset if the U.S. firm remains unhedged against this exposure? (c) If the U.S. firm hedges against this exposure using the forward contract, what is the variance of the dollar value
