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1、PronounsPronouns (代词) Personal Pronoun(人称代词) 1). 人称代词有人称、数、格、性之分，见下表： Person Number Case Singular Plural Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person Singular Plural Subjective Case I we you you he she it they Objective Case me us you you him her it them 2). 人称代词连用时的次序：
2、通常单数you放在第一位，I放在最后；复数we放在第一位，they放在最后： Singular Plural you/he and I we and you/they you and he you and they you, he and I we, you and they 3). 人称代词要与其所指代的名词在性、数上一致，如：I take chemistry and biology because I need them for medicine. 4). 人称代词she (her)也常用来指代国家、海洋、月亮、自由、和平等名词。 5).it可指事物、动物、未知的人；可表示天气、时间、距离
3、等，也可作形式主语、形式宾语来代替不定式短语、动名词短语或从句，it还可用于构成强调句型，如： Its Sunday today. I found it necessary to go on with this experiment. Its Mary that we are talking about. Possessive Pronoun(物主代词) 1). 英语中的物主代词有形容词型和名词型两种，见下表： Singular 词义 类型 1 stPlural 2 nd3rd Person 1st 2nd 3rd Person Person Masculine Feminine Neuter
4、 person person person 形容词型 名词型 my your his his her hers its its our ours your their mine yours yours theirs 2). 形容词型物主代词只能用作定语，而名词型物主代词可用作主语、宾语和表语，如： I cant find my pen. Can you lend me yours? 3). 名词型物主代词可与of连用，构成双重所有格，如： She is a friend of mine. 4).形容词型物主代词his, her, their等在人称、性、数上要和它们所指代的名词一致。如果不能判
5、断句中名词的属性，一般用his，如： Every girl is doing her best. Each teacher has his own teaching method. 5). 集合名词作整体看待时用its指代，作个体看待时用their取代，如： The Smiths could not agree on where to spend their vacation. The public expressed its concern about the flood. Reflexive Pronoun(反身代词) 1).英语反身代词有：myself, yourself, himsel
6、f, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves。这些词在句中作宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语等，如： You yourself must decide what to do. I am not quite myself these days. 2). 反身代词可以用于某些成语： by oneself e.g.: He likes to take a walk by himself. for oneself e.g.: He has a right to decide for himself. Youd better go and se
7、e for yourself. (=in person) in oneself e.g.: These are good books in themselves. to oneself e.g.: She had a room to herself. beside oneself (情不自禁/发狂) e.g.: John is beside himself with anger. among themselves/ourselves e.g.: They were busy arguing among themselves. “抽象名词+itself”= “very + adj.” e.g.:
8、 He is honesty itself. = He is very honest. between ourselves e.g.: This is strictly between ourselves. 3). 反身代词常和一些动词连用，如： She prides herself on her ability to speak French. I hope you will enjoy yourselves at the party. He seldom absents himself from class. The teacher asks these little boys to be
9、have themselves. Interrogative Pronoun(疑问代词) 1). 英语疑问代词有who, whom, whose, what和which。它们用于构成特殊疑问句，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，如： Which is the right road to the railway station? Whose are those books? To whom shall we send this box? 2).疑问代词作主语时，后面动词的单复数形式取决于这些代词所代表的人或物是单数还是复数。如果不清楚所代表的东西是单数还是复数，则动词多用单数形式，如： Who l
10、ives (live) in this room? 3). 当which和what用于就人或物提问时，which一般用于有一定选择范围的情况，what则用于无选择范围或究竟是什么还不清楚的地方，如： Which color do you like, green, red or yellow? What writers do you like best? 4). which, what, who和whom后可加ever来加重语气，如： Whatever do you want? whoever gave you this book? Indefinite Pronoun(不定代词) 1). 英语
11、中不定代词有all, every, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no；还有由some, any, no, every构成的合成代词。它们多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但none和合成代词不作定语，而every和no只能作定语。 2). both, either和neither用于两个人或事物。both总用作复数，either和neither总用作单数，如： Both are right. Neither of the answers i
12、s correct. 3).all, every, each：each指两个或两个以上，all和every指三个或三个以上，all强调总和、整体。each和every都表示每个，只是each强调同类事物的个别性，every强调同类事物的共同性。each只能代替可数名词，all可代替可数和不可数名词，every用在单数可数名词前表示每一个，用在不可数抽象名词前表示完全的、充分的，如： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. There is a line of trees on each side of the street. I have eve
13、ry reason to believe that she is a fine girl. 4). one指人时，表示一种人或泛指人，它还用来代替前面出现过的名词，避免重复，如： He is not one to accept failure easily. I have not got a tape recorder. Ill buy one tomorrow. 5). other和another：other表示另外、其余，the other指两个中的一个，the others指已提到的其余部分，another表示又一个、再来一个，只代替可数的单数名词，但也可修饰复数名词，表示另外的、附加的
14、，如： She has two sons. One is a doctor, the other is a worker. I dont like the color of this bag. Will you please show me another? I gave him another ten dollars. 6). (a) little, (a) few, many, much都是表示数量的不定代词。many, (a) few只用于复数可数名词，much, (a) little只用于不可数名词，如： Many people are called, but few are chos
15、en. You invested so much money in your business, but profited so little from it. 7). some和any是表示不定数量的代词，可修饰可数或不可数名词。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句、否定句或条件从句中，如： There are some tables in that room. We havent had any rain for months. some也可用于疑问句中表示请求、建议、反问等，any意为no matter which时，也常用于肯定句，如： Would you mind buying
16、some stamps for me? Anyone will do. 8). some, any, every和no可与one, body, thing构成合成代词。这些代词都作单数看待，如： There is somebody on the telephone for you. Nothing ever pleases her. _ 3.10.4 every & each的区别 1. every虽指“每个人”，实际上强调的是“全体、整体”，而each则强调“个体、具体每个人”。 e.g.: Every student has a dictionary. = All the students
17、 have dictionaries. Each student has an English name. 2. every只能作限定词，充当定语修饰n.，而each既可作限定词充当定语修饰n.，又可作代词充当主语、宾语、同位语。 e.g.: Every man knows what he should do. (作定语) Each man knows what he should do. (作定语) Each of the men knows what he should do. (作主语) They each know what they should do. (作同位语) I tell
18、each of them what to do. (作宾语) 3.10.8 other & another的区别 (P66) 1. another的用法 1) 只用于单数可数n.，表示“再一，另一”。 e.g.: Ted wants another cup of coffee. 也可与one搭配；或单独使用。 e.g.: This shirt is soiled. I am going to put on another one. This glass is broken. Please get me another. 2) 在表示时间、金钱、距离等的短语前，another可用于有数词修饰的复
19、数n.前。 e.g.: I will be here for another three years. (再待三年) I need another five dollars. (还要一张五美元的) We drove another ten miles. (又开了十英里) 3) 常与another连用的短语 one after another: 相继地 He broke five windows one after another. one another: 相互 (常可与each other通用) Husband and wife should confide in one another/e
20、ach other. 2. other的用法 1) 既可用于不可数n.，也可用于复数可数n.；other(复数)只能单独使用。 e.g.: This bread seems stale. Is there any other? Jim prefers this coffee to other kinds. Some of the tourists went to the beach; others explored the town. 2) the other与单数可数n.或不可数n.搭配指“两个中的另一个”，与复数可数n.搭配相当于the others；the others指“已提到过的其余
21、部分”。 e.g.: She has a book in one hand, and a pen in the other. Paul went on the first bus with some of the children, but Betty waited to go with the others. 3) other与数词连用时置于数词之后。 e.g.: Give me two other books. 给我两本别的书。 4) some, any, no, every与other连用时，其后若用可数n.，一般用单数。 e.g.: The secretary told Tom to
22、come back some other time. John is stronger than any other man in his company. No other book has had a greater influence on my life. Please write on every other line. (每隔一行) 5) none other than & other than none other than: 不是别人，正是 e.g.: The man who sent the flowers was none other than the one she had spoken to the night before. other than: 除之外；与不同的 e.g.: There was nothing to do other than (to) wait. He does not wish her other than she is. (他不希望她改变现状。)
