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1、The meaning of the term HistoryThe meaning of the term History History The word “history” is used in two senses. It may mean either the record of events or events themselves. Originally limited to inquiry and statement, it was only in comparatively modern times that the meaning of the word was exten
2、ded to include the phenomena which form or might form their subject.now indeed it is the commoner meaning. The “history of England” is used without reference to any literary narrative. Kings and statesmen are termed the “makers of history” and sometimes it is said that the historian only records the
3、 history which they make. History in this connection is obviously not the record, but the thing to be recorded. History in the wider sense is all that has happened, not merely all the phenomena of human life, but those of the natural world as well. It includes everything that undergoes change; and a
4、s modern science has shown that there is nothing absolutely static, therefore the whole universe and every part of it has its history. History and Historiography History, in its broadese, is the totality of all past events, although a more realistic definition would limit it to the known past. Histo
5、riography is the written record of what is known of human lives and societies in the past and how historians have attempted to understand them. Of all the fields of serious study and literary effort, history may be the hardest to define precisely, because the attempt to uncover past events and formu
6、late an intelligible account of them necessarily involves the use and influence of many auxiliary disciplines and literary forms. The concern of all serious historians has been to collect and record facts about human past and often to partly incorrect, or biased and requires careful attention. All h
7、ave tried to discover in the facts patterns of meaning addressed to enduring questions of human life. Except for the special circumstance in which historians record events they themselves have witnessed, historical facts can only be known through intermediary sources. These include testimony from li
8、ving witnesses; narrative records, such as previous histories, memoirs, letters, and imaginative literature; the legal and financial records of courts, legislatures, religious institutions, or businesses; and the unwritten information derived from the physical remains of past civilizations, such as
9、architecture, arts and crafts, burial grounds, and cultivated land. All these, and many more sources of information provide the evidence from which the historian deciphers historical facts. The relation between evidence and fact, however, is rarely simple and direct. The evidence may be biased or mi
10、staken, fragmentary, or nearly unintelligible after long periods of cultural or linguistic change. Historians, therefore, have to assess their evidence with a critical eye. Moreover, the purpose of history as a serious endeavor to understand human life is never fulfilled by the mere sifting of evide
11、nce for facts. Fact-finding is only the foundation for the selection, arrangement, and explanation that constitute historical interpretation. The process of interpretation informs all aspects of historical inquiry, beginning with the selection of a subject for investigation, because the very choice
12、of a particular event or society or institution is itself an act of judgment that asserts the importance of the subject. Once chosen, the subject itself suggests a provisional model or hypothesis that guides research and helps the historian to assess and classify the available evidence and to presen
13、t a detailed and coherent account of the subject. The historian must respect the facts, avoid ignorance and error as far as possible, and create a convincing, intellectually satisfying interpretation. Until modern times, history was regarded primarily as a special kind of literature that shared many
14、 techniques and effects with fictional narrative. Historians were committed to factual materials and personal truthfulness, but like writers of fiction they wrote detailed narratives of events and vivid character sketches with great attention to language and style. The complex relations between lite
15、rary art and historiography have been and continue to be a subject of serious debate. 疑难词汇与句子： 1、the commoner meaning:平民的历史 2、without reference to:不管、不顾，和。无关 3、many auxiliary disciplines and literary forms:许多辅助学科和文字记载 4、unwritten information derived from the physical remains of past civilizations:来自过去文明遗留物的非文献的资料 5、as a special kind of literature that shared many techniques and effects with fictional narratrive.:作为一种特殊的文学形式，使用同样的文学技巧并取得了与文学相同的效果。 6、factual materials and personal truthfulness:真实的资料和个人的诚实。
