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1、The real Avatar 译文The real Avatar: body transfer turns men into girls “阿凡达”成真: 换体技术化男为女 By Wendy Zukerman 温迪朱克曼 Last time you checked you were a conservatively dressed 28-year old man. But you look down and notice that you now have the legs of a 10-year old girl and appear to be wearing a skirt. It
2、turns out that this experience facilitated by a virtual reality headset and some brief arm stroking is enough to make men in their mid 20s react as if this new body is their own. They feel that way even when they subsequently move outside the girls perspective and watch her being attacked. The body
3、swapping effect is so convincing that the men s sense of self is transferred into the virtual girl causing them to react reflexively to events in the virtual world in which they are immersed “This is the first experiment to show that body ownership can be transferred to an entirely virtual body,” sa
4、ys MelS later of the University of Barcelona, Spain, who led the team that carried out the experiment. The finding highlights how far our sense of self and body image can be manipulated, and could lead to therapies for conditions of body-image distortion such as anorexia 上次您打量自己时还是一位衣着保守的28岁男性, 而这次往
5、下一瞧您注意到, 您现在拥有了一双10岁女孩的嫩腿, 好像还穿着裙子呢。 实验结果显示, 这种由虚拟现实头盔及短暂手臂抚摸促生的体验, 足以使25岁左右的男士反应得仿佛这个新的身体就是他们自己的。当他们继而切换出女孩的视角, 在一旁观望她遭受攻击时, 他们那种感觉甚至还在延续。“换体”效果的确令人心悦诚服, 就连那些受试男子的自我意识, 也移注到了虚拟女孩身上, 致使他们沉浸于那个虚拟世界, 对其中所发生的事本能地做出应激反应。 “这项实验第一次向人们揭示, 身体的归属权可以转移到一个完全虚拟的人体上, ”西班牙巴塞罗那大学从事这项实验的科研小组负责人梅尔斯莱特说。 实验结果凸显了人类的自我意
6、识及体像意识可被操控的程度, 并可为厌食症等体像障碍病症带来康复疗法。 Rubber hands橡胶手 Over 10 years ago, body-transfer illusions were first demonstrated using a false hand. In the so-called rubber hand illusion, researchers found that if they put a rubber hand on a table in front of a person, and then stroked the rubber hand and the
7、 persons own hand at the same time and in the same way, they could convince the volunteer that the rubber hand was their own. More recently, the illusion was replicated using full body manikins: volunteers skin conducted more electricity when their manikin double was attacked with a knife, indicatin
8、g fear. To see if the virtual world could be used to induce a similar illusion, Slaters team gave 24 men a head tracking video display to wear and recorded their heart rates. When the volunteers looked down, in place of their own body they saw that of a 10-year old girl in a tartan skirt. They also
9、saw a virtual woman approaching them and stroking their virtual girls arm, while in the real world unseen experimenters touched the mens flesh and blood arm. After this preparation, the virtual visual angle of the mens headsets changed, and the volunteers found them selves looking down on their avat
10、ars. Suddenly, the virtual woman slapped the girls face three times. Their reaction was immediate, says Slater. They would take in a quick breath and maybe move their head to one side. Some moved their whole bodies. Immediately afterwards, the men were asked to rate how strongly they felt that the g
11、irls body was theirs. 十多年前, 科学家用假手第一次演示了换体幻觉。从所谓的橡胶手幻觉中研究人员发现, 如果他们把橡胶手放到志愿者面前的桌上, 接着在同一时间并以同样的方式抚摸那只橡胶手和志愿者本人的手, 那么就会使志愿者相信, 那只橡胶手就是他们自己的手。就在最近, 科学家又利用全身人体模型使换体幻觉得以重现: 当志愿者的人体模型替身遭匕首攻击时, 志愿者皮肤上的导电量有所上升表明出现恐惧感。 为了弄清是否可利用虚拟世界来诱发与此类似的幻觉, 斯莱特研究小组给24名男性志愿者戴上了一种头部跟踪视频显示装置, 并记录下他们的心率。当志愿者向下看时, 他们看到的不是自己的身
12、体, 而是一个穿着花格裙的10 岁女孩的身体。他们还看见一位虚拟女士走近他们, 并抚摸他们虚拟女孩的手臂, 而在现实世界隐匿的实验者, 也在摸触受试男子的血肉之臂。 做好这种准备之后, 志愿者所戴头盔的虚拟视角被切换; 此时, 志愿者发现自己正俯视着他们的虚拟化身。突然, 那位虚拟女士抽了女孩三记耳光。“他们立即做出了反应, ”斯莱特说。“他们会急促倒抽一口气, 或许还把头向一旁侧闪。有些人连整个身体都移动了。”随即, 研究人员便让那些受试男子评定他们觉得女孩的身体就是自己的身体这种感觉有多强烈。 Pounding heart 剧烈心跳 On average, the men reported
13、 medium strength feelings about the girls body being their own, and strong feelings that the woman was touching their body. Stranger still as the girl as slapped, the mens heart rate changed in ways that were similar to, although not as great as, those recorded when people feel threatened. Slater em
14、phasises that this was surprising, given that the men were looking down on the girl from a third person perspective, by this point. And those who displayed the greatest heart rate changes during virtual slaps later reported having had especially strong feelings of inhabiting the girls body. These me
15、n also felt that they were being personally attacked by the woman and that they faced possible physical injury. Such responses show that visual manipulations alone can induce body swap illusions, the researchers conclude. The experiment demonstrates the strong connection the volunteers felt to their
16、 new, virtual bodies, says Slater. He suggests that the familiarity of looking down and seeing our own body is so overwhelming that even dramatic changes in body wont override the influence of vision. 根据所报评定, 平均而言, 受试男子将女孩的身体当作自己的身体这种感觉强度中等, 而他们觉得那位虚拟女士触摸了他们的躯体这种感觉十分强烈。 更奇怪的是, 女孩被扇耳光时, 受试者的心率变化相似于人们
17、感受到威胁时所记录下来的心率变化, 不过没有那么强烈。斯莱特强调, 受试者当时正俯视着虚拟女孩, 处于第三人称视角就此而言, 这一发现令人吃惊。 再者, 虚拟扇耳期间, 心率变化最剧烈的受试者后来称, 他们占据女孩身体的感觉尤为强烈。这些人还感到自己本身遭到了虚拟女士的攻击,并觉得可能面临身体损伤。研究人员断言, 这类反应表明, 单单视觉操控就可以诱发换体幻觉。 斯莱特声称, 实验结果显示, 当时志愿者感到他们与自己新的虚拟身体密不可分。斯莱特提示道, 我们都知道向下看时, 看见的是自己的身体, 这种视觉感是“那么强烈”, 以致身体上甚至出现戏剧性的变化, 也不会左右这种预设视觉的影响。 Ma
18、lleable self 自体可塑性 The findings might be applied to entertainment to make video games more immersive, for example but also to psychology. People considering a sex change have used the virtual world of Second Life to test what it is like to have a different gender. Meanwhile, previous studies found t
19、hat giving people virtual reality avatars that are taller or shorter than they are alters the way they behave. Making ourselves fatter or slimmer could also have profound implications on our psychology and behaviour, says Slater, which could be used to develop therapies for people with body image pr
20、oblems. Alexander Mussap of Deak in University in Melbourne, Australia, who has studied the rubber hand illusion in the context of eating disorders, says the new research further demonstrates that our sense of self is surprisingly malleable. Social neuroscientist Liane Young at the Massachusetts Ins
21、titute of Technology says that knowing that people transfer them selves in to Avatars could be used to answer many questions in psychology. 这些研究成果或许可以应用于娱乐业如使电子游戏更令人身临其境, 也可以应用于心理学研究。有些考虑改变性别的人, 已经开始利用第二人生网络游戏营造的虚拟世界来尝试变性的感觉。 同时, 以往的研究还发现, 赋予人们身高超过或低于他们自己的虚拟现实化身, 还会改变他们的行为方式。斯莱特宣称, 让自己变得更胖或更苗条, 同样可以对我们的心理和行为产生“深远的影响” 利用这一点, 就可以为体像障碍患者开发治愈疗法。 澳大利亚墨尔本迪肯大学的亚历山大 穆萨普, 曾为医治饮食失调症研究过橡胶手幻觉。他说, 最近的这次研究进一步证实, “我们的自我意识具有惊人的可塑性”。 美国麻省理工学院的社会神经科学家利亚娜扬声称, 知道人们可化身为“阿凡达”, 利用这一点可以解答许多心理学问题。
