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1、Trojan War 特洛伊战争Trojan War Legend Origins of the war The plan of Zeus According to Greek mythology, Zeus had become king of the gods by overthrowing his father Cronus. Since Zeus believed that there were too many people populating the earth, he envisioned . Momus）7 or Themis,8 who was to use the Tro
2、jan War as a means to depopulate the Earth, especially of his demigod descendants.9 Zeus came to learn from either Themis10 or Prometheus，that, like his father Cronus, one of his sons would overthrow him. Another prophecy stated that a son of the sea-nymph Thetis, would become greater than his fathe
3、r.12 Possibly for one or both of these reasons,13 Thetis was betrothed to an elderly human king, Peleus） son of Aiakos. All of the gods were invited to Peleus and Thetis wedding and brought many gifts,16 except Eris厄里斯 (Discord), Insulted, she threw from the door a gift of her own:18 a golden apple
4、on which were inscribed the word (To the fairest).19 The apple was claimed by Hera, Athena雅典娜, and Aphrodite阿佛洛狄特. They quarreled bitterly over it, and none of the other gods would venture an opinion favoring one, for fear of earning the enmity of the other two. Eventually, Zeus ordered Hermes to le
5、ad the three goddesses to Paris, a prince of Troy, who, unaware of his ancestry祖先；血统, was being raised as a shepherd 牧羊人in Mount Ida伊达山,20 because of a prophecy预言 that he would be the downfall of Troy.21 Because he was unable to decide between them, they resorted to bribes. Athena offered Paris wisd
6、om, skill in battle, and the abilities of the greatest warriors; Hera offered him political power and control of all of Asia; and Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. Paris awarded the apple to Aphrodite, and, after several adventures, returned to
7、 Troy, where he was recognized by his royal family. Peleus and Thetis bore a son, whom they named Achilles阿喀琉斯(. It was foretold that he would either die of old age after an uneventful life, or die young in a battlefield and gain immortality through poetry.22 Furthermore, when Achilles was nine year
8、s old, Calchas卡尔克斯 had prophesied that Troy could not again fall without his help.23 A number of sources credit Thetis with attempting to make Achilles immortal长生的when he was an infant. Thetis bathed Achilles in the River Styx斯提克斯, making him invulnerable wherever he had touched the water.26 Because
9、 she had held him by the heel, it was not immersed during the bathing and thus the heel remained mortal and vulnerable to injury. He grew up to be the greatest of all mortal warriors. After Calchas prophesy, Thetis hid Achilles in Skyros斯基罗斯岛 at the court of king Lycomedes吕科墨得斯, where he was disguis
10、ed as a girl.27 At a crucial point in the war, she assists her son by providing weapons divinely forged by Hephaestus火神赫菲斯托斯. Elopement私奔；潜逃of Paris and Helen The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen, one of the daughters of Tyndareus廷达瑞俄斯, King of Sparta，who had scores of suitors求婚者, and her
11、 father was unwilling to choose one for fear the others would retaliate violently. Finally, one of the suitors, Odysseus ,proposed a plan to solve the dilemma困境. In exchange for Tyndareus support of his own suit towards Penelope,( 佩内洛普；Odysseus的忠实妻子) penelope cruz 佩内洛普克鲁兹 he suggested that Tyndareus
12、 require all of Helens suitors to promise that they would defend the marriage of Helen, regardless of whom he chose. grumble at 对表示不满；抱怨 .32 Tyndareus chose Menelaus墨涅拉俄斯 斯巴达王. Menelaus was a political choice on her fathers part. He had wealth and power. He sent his brother Agamemnon阿伽门农 on his beha
13、lf. He had promised Aphrodite a hecatomb百牲祭n.大屠杀；百牲祭 holocaust, bloodbath , a sacrifice of 100 oxen, if he won Helen, but forgot about it and earned her wrath愤怒.33 Menelaus inherited Tyndareus throne王座of Sparta with Helen as his queen. Paris帕里斯, under the guise of a supposed diplomatic外交的mission, we
14、nt to Sparta to get Helen and bring her back to Troy. Before Helen could look up, to see him enter the palace, she was shot with an arrow from Cupid丘比特, and fell in love with Paris when she saw him, as promised by Aphrodite. Menelaus had left for Crete36 to bury his uncle, Crateus.37 Hera, still jea
15、lous over his judgement, sent a storm.36 The storm caused the lovers to land in Egypt, where the gods replaced Helen with a likeness of her made of clouds, Nephele涅斐勒.38 The ship then landed in Sidon before reaching Troy. Odysseus and Achilles Since Menelauss wedding, Odysseus had married Penelope a
16、nd fathered a son, Telemachus忒勒马科斯. In order to avoid the war, he feigned madness and sowed his fields with salt. Palamedes 帕拉米迪斯outwitted him and revealed his sanity and forcing him to join the war.3645 At Skyros斯基罗斯岛, Achilles had an affair with the kings daughter Deidamia得伊达弥亚, resulting in a chi
17、ld, Neoptolemus尼奥普托列墨斯.47 Odysseus, Telamonian Ajax, and Achilles tutor Phoenix went to retrieve Achilles. Achilles mother disguised him as a woman so that he would not have to go to war, but, they blew a horn, and Achilles revealed himself by seizing a spear矛，枪to fight intruders入侵者；闯入者, rather than
18、 fleeing逃走.48 First gathering at Aulis奥利斯 The Achean forces first gathered at Aulis. All the suitors sent their forces except King Cinyras of Cyprus. Idomeneus 伊多梅纽斯was willing to lead the Cretan克里特岛人contingent in Mycenaes war against Troy, but only as a co-commander, which he was granted.52 The las
19、t commander to arrive was Achilles, who was then 15 years old. Following a sacrifice to Apollo, a snake slithered from the altar to a sparrows nest in a plane tree nearby. It ate the mother and her nine babies, then was turned to stone. Calchas interpreted this as a sign that Troy would fall in the
20、tenth year of the war.53 Telephus When the Achaeans left for the war, they did not know the way, and accidentally landed in Mysia米西亚, ruled by King Telephus, son of Heracles赫拉克勒斯.In the battle, Achilles wounded Telephus,55 who had killed Thersander.神谕处；圣人. The oracle responded, he that wounded shall
21、 heal. The Achaean fleet then set sail and was scattered by a storm. Achilles landed in Scyros and married Deidamia伊达墨亚. A new gathering was set again in Aulis.36 Telephus went to Aulis, and either pretended to be a beggar, asking Agamemnon to help heal his wound,57 and kidnapped Orestes and held hi
22、m for ransom, demanding the wound be healed.58 Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge. Odysseus reasoned that the spear that had inflicted使遭受；the wound must be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound, and Telephus was healed.59 Telephus then showed the A
23、chaeans the route to Troy.57 Map of the Troad特洛阿司 (Troas) The second gathering Eight years after the storm had scattered them,61 the fleet of more than a thousand ships was gathered again. The prophet先知Calchas stated that the goddess Artemis was punishing Agamemnon for killing either a sacred deer o
24、r a deer in a sacred grove小树林；果园, and boasting that he was a better hunter than she.36 The only way to appease Artemis, he said, was to sacrifice Iphigenia依菲琴尼亚, who was either the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra克吕泰墨斯特拉,62 or of Helen and Theseus entrusted to Clytemnestra when Helen married M
25、enelaus.63 Agamemnon refused, and the other commanders threatened to make Palamedes commander of the expedition. At the last moment, Artemis阿耳特弥斯took pity on the girl, and took her to be a maiden in one of her temples, substituting a lamb.36 Hesiod says that Iphigenia became the goddess Hecate.65 Ni
26、ne years of war Philoctetes 菲罗克忒忒斯(Philoctetes):赫拉克勒斯的朋友;赫拉克勒斯临死时将弓箭送给他.普里阿摩斯(Priams):特洛亚战争时期的特洛亚国王,帕里斯之父. Philoctetes abandoned at Lemnos . 利姆诺斯岛(detail of Attic red-figure stamnos ca. 460 BC) Philoctetes was Heracles）friend, and because he lit Heracless funeral pyre火葬用的柴堆, he received Heracles bow
27、 and arrows. He sailed with seven ships full of men to the Trojan War, where he was planning on fighting for the Achaeans希腊人；亚加亚人. They stopped either at Chryse与克律塞for supplies, or in Tenedos忒涅多斯岛 sent an embassy to Priam, composed of Menelaus, Odysseus, and Palamedes, asking for Helens return. The
28、embassy was refused. Philoctetes stayed on Lemnos for ten years, which was a deserted island according to Sophocles tragedy Philoctetes, but according to earlier tradition, was populated by Minyans.76 Arrival Calchas卡尔克斯 had prophesied that the first Achean to walk on land after stepping off a ship
29、would be the first to die.77 Thus even the leading Greeks hesitated to land. Finally, Protesilaus普罗忒西拉奥斯, leader of the Phylaceans, landed first.78 Odysseus had tricked him, in throwing his own shield down to land on, so that while he was first to leap off his ship, he was not the first to land on T
30、rojan soil. Hector荷马史诗伊利亚特中的一勇士名 killed Protesilaus in single combat, though the Trojans conceded the beach. In the second wave of attacks, Achilles killed Cycnus基克洛斯, son of Poseidon. The Trojans then fled to the safety of the walls of their city. The death of Palamedes帕拉米迪斯 Odysseus was sent to Th
31、race to return with grain, but came back empty-handed. When scorned by Palamedes, Odysseus challenged him to do better. Palamedes set out and returned with a shipload of grain. Odysseus had never forgiven Palamedes for threatening the life of his son. In revenge, Odysseus conceived a plot where an i
32、ncriminating归罪的 letter was forged, from Priam普里阿摩斯to Palamedes, and gold was planted in Palamedes quarters. The letter and gold were discovered, and Agamemnon had Palamedes stoned向扔石头 醉酒的 to death for treason叛国罪；不忠. Palamedes father Nauplius sailed to the Troad and asked for justice, but was refused
33、. In revenge, Nauplius traveled among the Achaean kingdoms and told the wives of the kings that they were bringing Trojan concubines to dethrone废黜；废位赶出；罢免 them. Many of the Greek wives were persuaded to betray their husbands, most significantly Agamemnons wife, Clytemnestra, who was seduced by Aegis
34、thus埃癸斯托斯, son of Thyestes梯厄斯忒斯 to end the plague, and took Achilles concubine妾；情妇；姘妇 Briseis布里塞伊斯 as his own. Enraged at the dishonour Agamemnon had inflicted upon him, Achilles decided he would no longer fight. He asked his mother, Thetis西蒂斯, to intercede with向求情Zeus, who agreed to give the Trojan
35、s success in the absence of Achilles, the best warrior of the Achaeans. After the withdrawal of Achilles, the Achaeans were initially successful. Both armies gathered in full for the first time since the landing. Menelaus斯巴达王 and Paris fought a duel, which ended when Aphrodite snatched the beaten Pa
36、ris from the field. With the truce停战 broken, the armies began fighting again. Diomedes戴奥米底斯won great renown amongst the Achaeans, killing the Trojan hero Pandaros and nearly killing Aeneas埃涅阿斯, who was only saved by his mother, Aphrodite. With the assistance of Athena, Diomedes狄俄墨得斯then wounded the
37、gods Aphrodite and Ares 天 阿瑞斯. During the next days, however, the Trojans drove the Achaeans back to their camp and were stopped at the Achaean wall by Poseidon. The next day, though, with Zeus help, the Trojans broke into the Achaean camp and were on the verge of setting fire to the Achaean ships.
38、An earlier appeal to Achilles to return was rejected, but after Hector burned Protesilaus ship, he allowed his close friend and relative Patroclus to go into battle wearing Achilles armour and lead his army. Patroclus普特洛克勒斯 drove the Trojans all the way back to the walls of Troy, and was only preven
39、ted from storming the city by the intervention of Apollo. Patroclus was then killed by Hector, who took Achilles armour from the body of Patroclus. Achilles, maddened with用使大怒，发狂： grief, swore to kill Hector in revenge. He was reconciled with Agamemnon and received Briseis布里塞伊斯 back, untouched by Ag
40、amemnon. He received a new set of arms, forged by the god Hephaestus火神赫菲斯托斯, and returned to the battlefield. He slaughtered many Trojans, and nearly killed Aeneas埃涅阿斯, who was saved by Poseidon. Achilles fought with the river god Scamander, and a battle of the gods followed. The Trojan army returne
41、d to the city, except for Hector, who remained outside the walls because he was tricked by Athena. Achilles killed Hector, and afterwards he dragged Hectors body from his chariot and refused to return the body to the Trojans for burial. The Achaeans then conducted funeral games for Patroclus帕特罗克洛斯.
42、Afterwards, Priam普里阿摩斯 came to Achilles tent, guided by Hermes爱马仕, and asked Achilles to return Hectors body. The armies made a temporary truce to allow the burial of the dead. The Iliad ends with the funeral of Hector. After the Iliad Achilles killing the Amazon Penthesilea彭忒西勒亚(曾帮特洛伊人作战，后被 Achille
43、s 所杀) Penthesilea and the death of Achilles Shortly after the burial of Hector, Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, arrived with her warriors. Penthesilea, daughter of Otrere and Ares阿瑞斯, had accidentally killed her sister Hippolyte希波吕忒(Hippolyte)：拥有男性的力量. She was purified from this action by Priam,1
44、06 and in exchange she fought for him and killed many, including Machaon. Achilles himself, who was resurrected at the request of Thetis. Penthesilia was then killed by Achilles110 who fell in love with her beauty after her death. Thersites, a simple soldier and the ugliest Achaean, taunted奚落；逗弄 Ach
45、illes over his love and gouged凿制出；挖开；挖出(眼球) out Penthesileas eyes.111 Achilles slew杀害 Thersites, and after a dispute sailed to Lesbos, where he was purified for his murder by Odysseus after sacrificing to Apollo, Artemis阿耳特弥斯, and Leto. 勒托 While they were away, Memnon门农 of Ethiopia, son of Tithonus
46、and Eos,112 came with his host to help his stepbrother Priam.113 He did not come directly from Ethiopia, but either from Susa in Persia, conquering all the peoples in between,114 or from the Caucasus, leading an army of Ethiopians埃塞俄比亚的 and Indians.115 Like Achilles, he wore armour made by Hephaestu
47、s火神赫菲斯托斯.116 In the ensuing battle, Memnon killed Antilochus, 安提罗科斯；安提洛克斯 who took one of Memnons blows to save his father Nestor.117 Achilles and Memnon then fought. Zeus weighed the fate of the two heroes; the weight containing that of Memnon sank,118 and he was slain杀死 by Achilles.110119 Achilles
48、 chased the Trojans to their city, which he entered. The gods, seeing that he had killed too many of their children, decided that it was his time to die. He was killed after Paris shot a poisoned arrow that was guided by Apollo, In another version he was killed by a knife to the back (or heel) by Pa
49、ris, while marrying Polyxena, daughter of Priam, in the temple of Thymbraean Apollo,121 the site where he had earlier killed Troilus特洛伊罗斯. Both versions conspicuously显著地，明显地；超群地，惹人注目地 deny the killer any sort of valour勇猛, saying Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield. His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus
