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1、With引导的独立主格结构分析With引导的独立主格结构分析 with独立主格结构是英语中一种重要的句法现象，在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。多年来也一直是命题的热点、重点，因此应该引起我们的高度重视。众所周知，with引导的独立主格结构非常活跃，虽然它在句子中只作状语，但是可以表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。 现将with引导的独立主格结构总结如下。 一、句法结构 1 with 名词介词短语 He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand 他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。 The old man stood there, with h
2、is back against the wall 那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。 Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door 玛丽*近火炉坐着，背对着门。 2 with 名词形容词 He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open 他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。 The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery 这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。 He stood there trembling, with
3、 his face red with cold 他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。 3 with 名词副词 With production up by 60, the company has had another excellent year 产量上升了60, 公司又是一个好年景。 The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on 这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。 The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down 这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前
4、。 He put on his socks with the wrong side out 他把袜子穿反了。 4 with 名词名词 She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion 她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。 He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl 他去世的时候，女儿还是个中学生。 5 with 名词现在分词 She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child
5、 playing beside her 她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。 With you helping me whenever Im in trouble, I feel very obliged to you 无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。 6 with 名词过去分词 “I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said “We came out of the toughest group, beat Argentina, beat Denmark in a convincing way”
6、“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。“我们来自死亡之组，以一种令人信服的方式击败了阿根廷，击败了丹麦。” The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare 这位守门员离开了日本，而他的缺点却暴露无遗。 7 with 名词不定式 With 10 minutes to go, youd better hurry 还有十分钟，你最好快一点。 With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed 有你领导我们，我们组肯定能成功。 二、句法功能 with独立主格结构主要用作状语，可以表示伴随、方式、
7、原因、时间等。 例 With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有玛丽的帮助，他一定能成功。 主要是用作后置定语。 例 The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks. 这个女孩来到了两岸开满鲜花的河边。 三、句法关系 主表关系这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的形容词、副词以及介词短语构成。 例 Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes. 妈妈眼含泪水看着我。 这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词
8、和其后的现在分词构成。 例 With night coming on, we started for home. 夜幕降临，我们动身回家。 例 The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky. 小男孩躺在草地上，两眼望着天空。 这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的过去分词及动词不定式构成的，前者表示“被动、完成”，后者表示“未做、待做”。 例 With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night. 有这么多工作要做，我们不得不彻夜不眠。 四、句
9、法省略 with独立主格结构中的省略主要是指在“with + n + 介词短语”结构中的省略，其特点是省去with及介词短语中的名词修饰词，也就是：“n + 介词 + n”。 例 She ran to the hero, flowers in hand. 她手里拿着鲜花跑向这位英雄 介词with的用法大全 With是个介词，基本的意思是“用”，但它也可以协助构成一个极为多采多姿的句型，在句子中起两种作用；副词与形容词。 with在下列结构中起副词作用： 1.“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (1) This article deals with common social ills,
10、with particular attention being paid to vandalism. 2.“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”，如： (2) With different techniques used, different results can be obtained. (3) The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands. 3.“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (4) With so much water vapour present in the room, some iro
11、n-made utensils have become rusty easily. (5) Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4.“with+宾语介词短语”，如： (6) With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious. (7) With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal. 5.“with+宾语副词虚词”，如： (8) Y
12、ou cannot leave the machine there with electric power on. (9) How can you lock the door with your guests in? 上面五种“with”结构的副词功能，相当普遍，尤其是在科技英语中。 接着谈“with”结构的形容词功能，有下列五种： 一、“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (10) The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace. (11) Can you see the huge box with
13、a long handle attaching to it ? 二、“with+宾语+过去分词或短语” (12) Throw away the container with its cover sealed. (13) Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds. 三、“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (14) Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open. 四、“with+宾语+介词短语”，如： (1
14、5) The young lady with a red ribbon on her head is my former maths teacher. (16) Do you know the gentleman with both hands in his pockets? 五、“with+宾语+副词虚词，”如： (17) Is there any water in the kettle with this cover off ? (18) Out went the boy scouts with their uniforms on. With的复合结构作独立主格用法 尝试过考研的人都知道，
15、考研是对个人综合素质的考研，这其中既有对知识方面的考察，也有对能力方面的检验。既然选定走考研这条路，说明我们对自己有信心，不管成功与否认定了我们有这个能力。但是知识方面有个问题需要注意，那就是考研英语中的语法学习！在考研大部队中英语方面几乎所有考生都泡在大量的阅读题海中，真题、模拟题、专家预测只要看见阅读埋头就做题，可是却忽略了英语学习最基本的知识点-语法结构。 With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raise
16、d. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。 A. being tiedB. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词手与分词绑是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D. 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用
17、复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 典型例题： Weather_, well go out for a walk. A permittedB permittingC permitsD for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为天气允许，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, well go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
