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1、1,阅读理解主讲教师：李金妹,中国硕士研究生入学考试英语卷,2,Chinglish phrases大片早恋方便面 拳头产品新闻自由 买一赠一,Warming up,*big movie？,*early love,*convenient noodles,*fist product,*freedom of news,*Buy one,present one.,blockbusterpuppy loveinstant noodlesknockout product,freedom of press,Buy one,get one free.,3,有位女士，性喜捡便宜。某日曼哈顿名牌衣物大减价，她去捡
2、便宜，终于挑到一件。但款式新潮，不敢判定是女装还是男装。正巧一位又高又黑的男服务员朝她走来。就用英文问他：“for Girl or Boy？”黑人回答：“Unisex！”（男女通用）她听成“You need sex”，又怕自己听错，露出愕疑的神情。黑人服务员一字母-字母地解耦：“U-N-I SEX！”这次她的很清楚：“You and I Sex”，立即找黑人上司讲理。,Joke,4,表1 英语考研试题题型和各部分分值,考试时间共计3个小时，考生们可以在答题顺序和时间分配上自行调整。,5,考研成败在于英语，英语成败在于阅读，阅读成败在于方法。,“,”,6,阅读是考研英语中最为重要的组成部分，因为
3、阅读不仅占了总分数的“半壁江山”，而且还在于阅读从根本上决定着我们考研英语的成败，因此得阅读者得天下。,7,阅读分数的提高依赖于两个因素：一是答题的正确率，二是阅读的速度。,如何提高答题的正确率呢？,阅读速度的提高依赖于词汇的掌握程度和平时训练材料的数量与材料背景的广度，这一点可以通过平时的多记多练得以提高。,8,We can infer from Dr.Myers and Dr.Worms paper that.A.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%.B.there are only ha
4、lf as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.C.the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20%of the original amount.D.the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old.,According to their latest paper published in Nature,the biomass of large predators(animals that kill
5、 and eat other animals)in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80%within 15 years of the start of exploitation.In some long-fished areas,it has halved again since then.（2006 真题）,9,根据题干定位到文中的信息点（即上面给出的内容），前一句提到，“新渔场在被开发的15年中大型捕食动物平均减少80%”，即剩下20%。后一句提到“在一些长期捕捞的水域，这个量又减少了半”，即10%。因此在这些区域较少了90%，故选项A 正确
6、。,10,2013考研英语(一)大纲,1.阅读的考查目标；2.阅读的考试内容。,11,1.阅读的考查目标；,考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%），还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。对所读材料，考生应能：,1）理解主旨要义；2）理解文中的具体信息；3）理解文中的概念性含义；4）进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5）根据上下文推测生词的词义；6）理解文章的总体结构和上下文之间的关系；7）理解作者的意图、观点或态度；8）区分论点和论据。,12,2.阅读的考试内容,A节（20题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义
7、、进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。,13,B节（5题）：主要考查对连贯性、一致性、逻辑性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。3种备选题型：,1）7选5 题（完型填段）2）小标题题3）排序题,14,阅读理解A节五大题型,细节题推理题主旨题语义题态度题,查看：考研英语阅读大纲要求及历年真题话题/题型比例.pdf,15,1）细节题的命题规律,人名、引语、年代、数字、大写字母出现的地方常考；特殊标点符号处经常考:冒号、引号、破折号等；连接词处，however,but,yet,in co
8、ntrast,by comparison,whereas,because,therefore,so,hence,etc.；包含复杂语法关系的长难句中经常考：定语从句，同位语从句和状语从句等。,16,细节题的解题方法,准确定位，原文与选项对号入座：同义词替换一般是正确答案；选项中含有绝对语气词的一般不是答案，如：must,always,never,only,completely；选项中符合一般常识，意义富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。,17,细节题干扰选项的特征,一、与原文内容矛盾；二、与原文内容貌似，但要么太绝对化，要 么意思完全不同；三、原文中根本没有提到，但较符合考生的思 想；四、
9、与原文的逻辑关系颠倒；五、概念范围过宽或过窄。,18,2）推理题,主要考察考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力。需要靠简单逻辑推理判断能力。关键从文中的有关暗示分析推理判断。,19,推理题的表现形式,提问方式：From the passage we can draw the conclusion that _.It is implied/indicated/suggested that _.Whats implied but not stated by the author is that _.Para indicates that _.,20,推理题的表现形式2,5.It can be inferr
10、ed/concluded from the passage that_.6.The report/study/research seems to suggest that _.7.We can learn/conclude from the passage that _.8.Which of the following can be inferred_.9.Why does the author mention it?,21,推理题的分类,根据推理题的出处，可分为：明确说明中心词的推理题明确说明得分句的推理题明确说明得分段的推理题明确说明得分篇章的推理题,22,推理题的命题规律,综合性推论判断
11、的题目常围绕全文内容出题。文章或段落的开头处，以及文章结尾总结处。用来说明主题的细节处。起承转合处。长难句子处。,23,推理题的解题方法,摸清主题意思，准确定位得分句、辅助句，然后进行推理判断。与主题有关的推理，一定要研读首尾段。太绝对的选项一般不是正确的，正确选项总是留有余地的，标志词有：may,probably,sometimes,often,etc.,24,推理题的解题方法2,推理过头，概括过度的选项为无关选项。选项中符合一般常识，意义富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是选项。文中未加修改的句子和文中直接陈述事实一定不是选项。概括性语言的选项一般是正确选项。,25,2.推断观点,解题思路：,事
12、实陈述的是不加任何解释的信息，它既不是判断也不是评估，而是可以通过记录、测试、历史或科学文献来证实其正确与错误。观点陈述的是作者对某件事情的印象、想法及判断。由于它们是作者对某事物的个体印象，因而不能被判断是对或是错。,要区分事实与观点,26,有些动词所带的宾语从句为观点，如：“admit”，“agree”，“appreciate，“argue，“believe”，“conclude”，“hold”，“insist”，“maintain”，“note”，“put it”，“suggest，“think”等,27,Directions:Look at the following statemen
13、ts from Passage B.Which are facts?Which are opinions?Mark each O(for opinion)or F(for fact).,_ Just as exercise strengthens the heart and lungs,bones and muscles,it may also power up the brain.,O,28,2._“Its clear that the brain benefits from exercise,”says brain scientist William Greenough of the Un
14、iversity of Illinois at Urbaba-Champaign.3._ His studies with rats have demonstrated two primary effects of activity:vigorous physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel,and skill-based exercise increases the formation of connections in the brain,which,according to the proposals of some scie
15、ntists,may make the brain better able to process information.,F,F,29,4._ Learning a new dance step may boost the brain in the same way that learning a language can,he says.5._ Human studies have focused primarily on older adults and suggest that regular exercise can improve the speed with which the
16、brain processes information.6._ This boost in reaction time after exercise training may occur because declines associated with getting old could actually stem from declines in physical condition.,F,F,O,30,3）主旨题,包括:中心思想题和最好标题题关键是研读主题句。,31,主旨题的表现形式,What is the main idea/subject of this passage?This pa
17、ssage is mainly/primarily concerned with_The main theme/point of the passage is_Which of the following is the best title for the passage?Which of the following best describes that passage as a whole?,32,主旨题的表现形式2,In this passage the author mainly argues that_What does that author intend to convey th
18、rough the passage?The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that_.,33,主旨题命题规律,首段尾段处。特殊标点符号处,尤其是段首的特殊标点符号处。语义转折处,尤其是首段的语义转折处。因果句常考。关系词：because,due to,owing to,since,for,as,therefore,consequently,result in,originate from etc.,34,主旨题答题方法,时间紧迫的情况下，只读首尾段。注意出现频率高的单词。概括全文，内容全面的选项一般正确。和主题句意思相同或相近的选项
19、一般就是正确答案。干扰项的特点：只有局部信息，概括太宽，无关信息。,35,4)语义题,要求考生具备推测某个超纲词或短语在特定语境里含义的能力。,36,语义题的表现方式,According to the author,the word“X”means_.Which of the following is nearest in meaning to“X”?The term“XX”in para can be best replaced by_.As used in the line,the word“”refers to _.Whats the meaning of“”.,37,语义题 命题规律,
20、具有指代上下文语义功能的名词常考。一词多义的常见词和词组常考。对比处常考。复杂句常考。,38,语义题的解题方法,答案与文章主题关系相近，符合主题，一般就是答案。通过连接词（and,or,but,i.e.)所表达的关系判断所考词汇的含义。通过特殊标点 符号表达的关系判断词义利用所考词的修饰、限定成分判断其含义。选项与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案。,39,4.猜测词义,这类问题考察考生1）对多义词的掌握情况，2）猜测生词词义的能力。,前者要求根据上下文判断出某词在特定语境下的含义，后者要求通过分析下上文、句子结构猜测出某词的大概意思。,40,猜测词义,主要采用查阅式阅读方法。首先，快速地
21、在原文中查找到生词或短语所在的句子或段落，然后，根据上下文内容及构词知识推断所考词汇或短语的确切含义。,解题思路：,41,应试策略：,遵循词汇测试原则 1.“简单词汇考引申含义，复杂词汇考直观含义”的原则，如：,fare vi.遭遇,进展,进步,经营,过活；n.费用,旅客,食物 parking lot/draw a lot/The draw was made earlier today.study,couple vt.连接，结合 ball,42,2.考察的是生词，即超纲词，则可以根据构词法知识或上下文很快能推断出其直接含义。,根据构词法(word-formation)破解词义 词缀法(Affi
22、xation)是派生法(derivation)的一种，它借助于词缀构成新词。英语词缀分成前缀和后缀。根据上下文(context)关系猜测词义,43,上下文，也叫语言环境，是指围绕一个新词汇的多个词汇，或围绕一个新信息的多个信息。它是使一个词汇的某一含义区别于其他含义的基础。利用上下文猜测词义大致有以下几种：,44,1.Definition 定义法2.Explanation 解释法3.Example 举例法4.Synonymy 同义词5.Antonymy 反义词6.Hyponymy(词义之间的)下义关系,上下位 7.Relevant details 相关细节8.Word structure 词的
23、结构,45,1.Definition,Often we find that the author gives formal definition immediately after the new term.The definition words include be,mean,refer to,be considered to be,be called,deal with,be known as,represent etc.,e.g.Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics,the study of body mov
24、ement,was suggested by Professor Birdwhistell.Anthropology is the scientific study of man.Horology is the science of measuring time,46,2.Explanation,If the concept is complicated and must involve technical terms in its definition,the author might explain the idea in simple words.That is,he might mak
25、e a restatement in common words usually with a dash or a semicolon and some typical explanation expressions as namely,i.e.,in other words,say,that is,that is to say,or rather.,47,e.g.OrigamiJapanese paper foldingis family fun in the whole country.The majority students fall into a category that I ref
26、er to as the average studier.This person studies sufficiently but doesnt work more than necessary.If we stand up in the boat,it may capsize,and well find ourselves in the water.Dont put off what you should do today to“tomorrow”,or“next week”,or simply“later”.Stop procrastinating.,48,3.Example,In som
27、e cases,instead of giving a formal definition or explanation,the author may cite an example which is sufficient to throw light on the meaning of the term.,e.g.Many United Nation employees are polyglots.Ms.Mary,for example,speaks five languages.Orthopterans,such as crickets,grasshoppers,and cockroach
28、es,thrive in damp conditions.,49,4.Synonymy,Synonyms or synonymous expressions are frequently employed by authors to explain new word.,e.g.Their greater fear was of a conflagration,since fire would destroy their flimsy wooden settlement before help could arrive.Even with flood control,the Mississipp
29、i will occasionally inundate millions of acres.The report clears them of blame,but it does not exonerate us of any responsibility for the accident.,50,5.Antonymy,Contrasting words or statements are also commonly used to explain unknown words.The typical words or expressions for contrast are not,but,
30、however.,e.g.Say nothing to intensify his fears;try to mitigate them.During the concert the audience was quiet,but afterward the crowd became boisterous.,51,6.Hyponymy,Superodinates and subordinates often define and explain each other,thus forming an important context clue.The typical expressions ar
31、e as,the same,just as,like.,e.g.The village had most of the usual amenities:a pub,a library,a post office,a village hall,a medical center,and a school.The Asian monkey like other primates,is specially adapted for life in trees.,52,7.Relevant details,In some contexts,the author provides details relat
32、ing to unknown words,such as the functions,characteristics,nature,etc.of the referent.,53,e.g.“Do get me a clop,”she said,smacking her lips,but her brother,with a scornful glance up at the branches,said that there were none ripe yet.In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing sou westers,th
33、e storm was so heavy that they were wet through.My father is a versatile man;he is a successful businessman,sportsman,author,and sportscar mechanic.,54,8.Word structure,The morphemic structure of words,especially compounds and derived words offers clues for inferring the meanings of unknown words.,5
34、5,e.g.Copernicus believed in a heliocentric universe,rather than in the geocentric theory.(geo-the earth,so helio-the sun)The man and his wife celebrated their semi-centennial anniversary.The tribal community still practices polygamy,a custom in which someone can be married to more than one person a
35、t the same time.Italian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth century which followed.,56,5)态度题,考作者对文章中某一问题或事物以及整个文章的态度及观点分析文章体裁，一般说明文中作者的态度是客观或中立的；议论文作者的态度多种多样。,57,态度题的表现形式,Whats the writers attitude to?The writers attitude of this passage is apparently_.The authors view
36、 is _.How does the author feel about?In the authors opinion,_.According to the author,_.,58,态度题 命题规律,涉及文章中心思想处常考。作者提出观点处。语义转折和对比处。复杂句处(虚拟语气处)。,59,态度题 答题方法,分清文章的文体。议论文态度较多。议论文的中心句暗示作者的态度。理解中心思想的基础上判断。区分文章中作者的观点和引文的观点（直接引语和间接引语）。了解表示感情色彩的词。表示褒义的词：positive,supporting,praising,optimistic,admiring,intere
37、sting,humorous,enthusiastic,pleasant,concerned,sober.,60,表示中性的词：indifferent,impassive（不动感情的）,uninterested,neutral,impersonal,subjective,informative,impartial,etc.objective,impartial,etc.表示贬义的词：disgusted,critical,negative,suspicious,pessimistic,depressed,worried,disappointed,ironic,sarcastic,sentimental,angry,etc.表示文体的词：formal,informal,casual,etc.,61,实例分析见“练习1”,知识回顾Knowledge Review,
