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1、专题十五句子的种类和各种从句专题十五：句子的种类和各种从句 句子分类 按句子的用途可以分为四种： 1.陈述句He is six years old. 2.疑问句Do they like skating? 3.祈使句Be careful, boys. Dont speak in class. 4.感叹句How clever the boy is! 按句子结构可分为3种：简单句、并列句、复合句 1. 简单句：只有一个主语和一个谓语 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. 我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词或介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语
2、等修饰，以使整个句子更加丰富和充实，但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句子中做状语，修饰worked) He is a school student in NO.1 middle school. (划线部分在句子中做定语，修饰名词student) 简单句的五个基本句型： l主语+不及物动词Water flows. l主语+谓语动词+宾语She likes English. l主语+系动词+主语补语She is happy. l主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Ill tell her the news. l主语+ 动词+宾语+宾
3、语补语She makes her mother angry. 2、并列句：由两个或以上的简单句连接而成，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。 句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句并列句的分类： l表示连接两个同等概念的连词有and，not onlybut also, neithernor,then l表示选择常用的连词有or, eitheror. ,otherwise l表示转折but，yet，while， l 表示因果so，for 3、复合句：含有两个或以上主谓结构的句子，其中一个句子是主句，另一个句子是从句。句型：主句+连词+从句；从句+连词+主句 The foreign visitors
4、took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. 从句分类：形容词性从句，名词性从句，副词性从句 1 从句类型 名词从句概览- 连接词 连接词 that 主语 从句 不能省 宾语从句 动宾 可省 介宾 表语 从句 同位语从句 不能省 禁用 不能省 除except that 连接词 句首whether whether or if 只能whether 只能whether 只能whether Whether/if 代词 副词 what-物,who/whom/whose-人,which-物 when-时间,where-地点,why-原因,
5、how-方式 注意：所有句子均为陈述语序 断句方法 1.含有关系词的：始关系词末第二个谓语动词之前 2.不含关系词的：始主谓结构末第二个谓语动词之前 That I will pass CICPA is certain. They doubt whether I can pass CICPA. The question is how I prepare for CICPA. The textbook which I use to prepare for CICPA is very useful. 具体讲解 1、名词性that-从句 由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只
6、起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。”介词宾语 No” 主语：That he is still alive is pure luck.他还活着全靠运气。 宾语：John said that he would be leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语：The fact that he has not bee
7、n seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 特例：except, but, besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句 I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with Dell. 2、名词性wh-从句 由wh-词引导的名词从句。Wh-词包括who, who
8、m,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。 2 例如： 主语：How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。 直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。 间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a pr
9、ize.获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。 表语：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 同位语：I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。 介词宾语：That dep
10、ends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末。 例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。 It形式主语的“四种句型” It is 名词 从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is 形容词 从句 It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是 It 不及物动
11、词 从句 It seems that 似乎It happened that 碰巧It appears that 似乎 It 过去分词 从句 It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证实It is said that 据说 It形式宾语的用法 在主+谓+it+宾补+that从句 的句型中不省略. 例: We must make it clear that we mean what we say. whether与if区别 whether与if 均为“是否”yes-no的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： 在主语、表语
12、和同位语从句中，只用whether Whether he can win the game is not clear. 作介词宾语，只用whether He is interest in whether they can attend the club. 在不定式前，只用whether Whether to go is not clear. 从句后有“or not”选择性疑问句，“是或者不是”，只用whether I dont care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划 If 不能位于句首 Whether the plan is fe
13、asible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。 that/why/because在表语从句中得用法 不要使用 The reason is because that 句型, 应使用 The reason why is that 3 或 This / it /that is because等句型. 例如: 今天早上他迟到的原因是因为路上行人太多. 误: The reason why he was late this morning is because that there was a lot of traffic on the road. 正: The r
14、eason why he was late this morning is that there was a lot of traffic on the road. 或:He was late this morning. That was because there was a lot of traffic on the road. 否定转移 1）将think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。 注意：
15、若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。例如： I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 2）将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。例如： It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 名词性从句-小节 具体讲解 名词性that-从句名词性wh-从句It形式主语的“四种句型” It形式宾语的用法whether与if区别that/why/because在表语从句中得用法否定转移 定语从句 定义：定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出
16、现在先行词之后，由关系词引出。 主句+先行词+关系词+从句 主谓一致 断句方法 1.含有关系词的： 始关系词 末第二个谓语动词之前 I still remember the day when I first met him. 2.不含关系词的： 始主谓结构 末第二个谓语动词之前 The first impression you made to me is smart. 具体讲解 关系代词和关系副词 关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语/“先行词可直接放入从句，取代关系代词” 关系副词在定语从句中作状语/“先行词+的，取代关系副词或介词+关系代词” 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句
17、中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数，要和先行词保持一致。 一般情况下，关系代词在从句中做宾语时，可省略。 4 关系代词 Who Whom Which Whose That As 先行词 人 人 物 人/物 人/物 人/物 在从句中的成分 主语/宾语 宾语 主语/宾语 定语 主语/宾语/表语 主语/宾语/表语 who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语；whom只能做宾语 Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？ He is the man
18、whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。 which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。 The package you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。 whose 用来指人或物，。例如： They rushed over to help the man wh
19、ose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。 介词+ whom/which whom指代人，which指代物 This is the person to whom I just talked. This is the person I just talked to. 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 关系副词 when where why That 先行词 时间 地点 reason 时间、地点、方式、原因 在从句中的
20、成分 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 以上全是 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。介词的选择主要看先行词“介词+先行词”： There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 关系副词that His father died the year he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 The reason why/for which, is that It is because 限制性和非限制性 5 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。
21、从句类型 非限制性 限制性 形式上 有逗号分开 无逗号 意思上 去掉后无影响 不能省 非限制性除了修饰人和物外，还可以修饰整个句子，从句中得谓语动词用单数。 非限制性，能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。 He was late for class again, which made the teacher very angry. As/which引导的非限制性 两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。 但不同之处主要有两点： as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 As we know, smoking is
22、harmful to ones health. as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词Be；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。 He passed CICPA, as/which was natural. as的用法 the sameas；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样 I have the same magazine as you bought just now. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 As是关
23、系代词，as作know的宾语 that 不能用that非限制性介词后不能用This is the person to whom I just talked. 只能用that在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 +that+先行词+that 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 状语从句 定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语 从句充当
24、状语成分，即状语从句。状语从句由从属连词引导。 状语从句可放在句首或句末。放在句首时，从句后面常用逗号；放在句末时，从句前面往往不用逗号 分类 While I was walking along the street, I found many beautiful buildings. 时间 Where there is a will, there is a way. 地点 Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. 原因 6 Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me.目的 He was
25、clever that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.结果 As long as you dont lose heart, youll succeed. 条件 Try as he might, he could not find a job. 让步 The old lady treats the boy as if he were his own son. 方式 He is taller than I am.比较 状语从句 时间 地点 条件 原因 状语从句 让步 比较 方式 目的 结果 连词 when, whenever,
26、 as, since, till, until, before, after, as soon as, once, the moment, immediately, the day, no sooner than, hardly when, the minute, the second, every time Where, wherever, everywhere if, unless, providing/provided that, as long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing that, in case, only if, if onl
27、y because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that, in view of the fact that 连词 though, although, even if, as, while, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter +wh词，for all that, granting/granted, whether or, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that asas, not the sa
28、me as, not soas, than as, as if the way that, so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest so that, so that, such that, but that 具体讲解：时间状语 常用连词 when，whenever，after，before，as，as soon as/hardlywhen/no soonerthan，while，till/until，since，once。 如果主句是一般将来时，在时间状语从句中用一般现在时。 since 所引导的从句一般要用非延续性动词，主句用
29、完成时态。 I will buy an Iphone 5 when I pass CICPA. It has been seven years since we met last time. 名词词组引导时间状语从句 有时名词every time，the next time，the next day，the moment，the instant, the second, the year等，也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。 Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.你每一次晚上回来，都把鞋子丢在
30、地板上。 7 I didnt have a penny the last time I saw you.上一次见你时，我身无分文。 副词作连词用引导时间状语从句 有些副词如instantly, immediately，instantly，directly, presently等也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句，表示一就的意思。 I recognized her instantly I saw her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。 The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise.那位年轻女士一听到响声就冲
31、进房间。 地点状语从句 地点状语从句一般由where，wherever和everywhere引导。 Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed.他们每到一处都受到了热烈的欢迎。 You can take it with you wherever you go.不论走到什么地方，你都可随身携带它。 原因状语从句 原因状语从句一般由because，since，as，now that等连词引导 because, since, as, for和now that引导原因状语从句 because表示直接的原因或理由，表示原因的语气最强，常表示必然的因果关
32、系。回答以why引起的特殊疑问句，只能用because。 He is absent today because he is ill.他今天缺课，因为他病了。 since表示对方已经知晓、无须加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because稍弱。 Ill do it for you since you are busy.既然你忙，我来替你做吧。 as表示的往往是十分明显的原因，听者或读者已经知道或能看得出来，语气较弱，只附带说明，比较口语化。 We had better hurry as its getting dark.因为天快要黑了，我们最好快点。 for是并列连词，它引导的分句不表示直接的原因，
33、而是用来附带解释或说明前面一句的情况。for引导的分句常位于第一分句之后，它们之间用逗号隔开。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨晚准是下雨了，今天早上地面还是湿的 now that意为“既然”，与since同义，但更突出事实本身。 Now that everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.既然大家都来了，我们就开始开会吧。 seeing that, considering that和in that引导原因状语从句 这几个连词同since, as 近义
34、，都有“鉴于某个事实，原因”是之意。 Considering that hes only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well.鉴于他只学了一年， 他英语讲得就是很好。 Seeing that he was ill, they sent for the doctor.鉴于他病情严重，他们派人请医生。 In that she is ill, she feels unable to do it.因为病了，她觉得不能做那件事。 目的状语从句 that，so that，in order that引导目的状语从句 从句中的谓语动词前常有
35、情态动词may、might、can、could、will, would等。 8 These men risk their lives in order that we may live more safely. 这些人甘冒生命危险，是为了让我们活得更安全些。 辨析：in order that引导的状语从句可以放在句首、与句尾，而so that 引导的只能放在句尾。 in case/for fear that意思是“以防，以免”。 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 结果状语从句 so that，sothat, suchth
36、at引导结果状语从句 He worked hard so that he passed the exam. 他学习很努力，结果通过了考试。 sothat与suchthat的区别 这两种结构都可引导结果状语从句。so是副词，后接形容词或副词；such是形容词，后接名词 It is so good a story that Ill never forget it. such+ a +adj名词 +that 从句 such+名词复数 so +adj./adv. +that 从句 so + many/few + 复数名词+that 从句 much/little+不可数名词 *so that 用法当表达
37、的含义是“为了”、“以便”时，为目的状语从句；当表达的是“以至于”、 “因此”含义时，为结果状语从句。 If you do know, answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear. 如果你的确知道，应大声回答，以便让全班学生都可以听见。 It rained hard the day before yesterday, so that she had to stay at home. 前天雨下得很大，因此她只好呆在家里。 比较状语从句 比较状语从句一般由asas，not as/soas，比较级+than,the 比较级
38、, the 比较级。 The director gave me a better offer than he gave Dick.导师给我的提议比给狄克的好。 让步状语从句 让步状语从句由though，although，as，even if ，however，whatever，whoever，whenever，no matter +wh词，等引导。 though, although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。例如： Although its raining, they are still working in the field. He is
39、 very old, but he still works very hard. as或though引导让步状语从句，倒装语序 形容词 副词 动词 + as/though+ 主语+谓语 9 分词 名词 Much as I have traveled，I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John.我虽然取得地方多，但是我从来没见过像约翰这么能干的人。 Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.这些贵族尽管很傲慢，他们却害怕见我。 由no matter+ wh词和由疑问词ever引导让步状
40、语从句 由no matter引导，表示“不管；无论”；由疑问词ever引导，表示“不管，不论”。 这类词有：whatever，whichever，whoever，however， whenever，wherever等,他们相当于no matter+ what 不能与but，so，and等并列连词同时使用。 Well have to finish the job, however long it takes. 不管需要多长时间，我们都一定完成这项工作。 由whether.or引导让步状语从句表示“不论还是”，提供两种对比的情况。 I shall go, whether you come with
41、 me or stay at home. 不论你和我一起来留在家中，我都要前往。 区别：I dont care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划 条件状语从句 条件状语从句可以位于主句前面或后面。 由if，unless引导 if 表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不” You will be late unless you leave immediately.除非你立即走，否则，你会迟到。 由suppose，supposing，as/so long as， providing, provided
42、, on condition that和in case引导 这类连词意思相近，有：“如果、假设、即使、在条件下”等意义。 Youll do all right, as long as you follow his advice.只要你听从他的劝告，你就会干得很好的。 方式状语从句一般由as，as if/as though,the way等引导。 as引导方式状语从句，意思是“如，犹如，正如”。 You must do everything as I do.你们要照我这样去做。 as if 和as though引导方式状语从句 as if 和as though意为“好像、仿佛”可以用虚拟语气表示
43、不符合事实或与事实相反的情况；也可以用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况。He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg. 他走得很慢，好像腿受了伤。 He spoke as if he knew the question very well.他说得好像对这个问题知道得很清楚。 注意：在It looks as if., It seems as if.句型中常用陈述语气。It looks as if it is going to rain.天看上去好像要下雨。 the way引导方式状语从句 the way它的作用相当于the manner，后面的引导词常用that引导方式状语，而且经常省略。此时，一般不用in which引导。 I dont like the way you speak to her.我不喜欢你和她说话的方式。 We didnt like the way that he treated us. 我不喜欢他对待我们的方式。 10
