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1、TOEFL托福考试阅读冲刺 为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理了托福考试阅读冲刺,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福考试阅读冲刺1The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today summed up, not altogether accurately, as research and development. Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a
2、 relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood.
3、Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application
4、 of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed f
5、or the application of science was engineering science rather than basic science.Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness if not understanding of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspeci
6、fied manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or te
7、chnology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do
8、basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.
9、1. What is the authors main purpose in the passage ?(A) To show how technology influenced basic science(B) To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industries(C) To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industry(D) To argue that basic
10、science has no practical application2. The word altogether in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) completely(B) realistically(C) individually(D) understandably3. The word intensive in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) decreased(B) concentrated(C) creative(D) advanced4. The list mentioned in line 13
11、refers to(A) types of scientific knowledge(B) changes brought by technology(C) industries that used scientific techniques(D) applications of engineering science5. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century is based on which of the following?(A) Engineering science i
12、s not very important.(B) Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.(C) The relationship between research and development should be criticized.(D) Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.6. The word it in line 16 refers to(A) understanding(B) public
13、awareness(C) scientific knowledge(D) expansion7. The word assumption in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) regulation(B) belief(C) contract(D) confusion8. Why does the author mention consultants in line 25?(A) To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions(B) To distinguish bet
14、ween scientists who work in industry and those who do not(C) To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work(D) To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science9. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) The developme
15、nt of science and of industry is now interdependent.(B) Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.(C) Industries should spend less money on research and development.(D) Science and technology are becoming more separate.参考答案：CABCB CBDA托福考试阅读冲刺2The origins of nest-building remai
16、n obscure, but current observations of nest-building activities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can be found in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating, such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of th
17、e soil. During the early days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. In preparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continue these activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at construc
18、tion occur only after mating.Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quite elaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident since younger
19、 birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example, first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaws first nest includes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents of a young osprey nest built in his gard
20、en, which included three shirts, a bath towel, and one arrow.Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows have been seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto a branch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Go
21、lden eagles, over generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had been dislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branches almost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to their size and most bi
22、rds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their body weight.1. The word obscure in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) unclear(C) imperfect(D) complex2. According to the passage , which of the following activities is characteristic of the early part of the repr
23、oductive cycle of birds?(A) Selecting a mate(B) Collecting nest-building materials(C) Playing with nest-building materials(D) Building a nest3. The word display in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) communicate(B) imitate(C) initiate(D) exhibit4. The novelist John Steinbeck is mentioned in line 14
24、because he(A) conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys(B) was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests(C) described the materials ospreys can use to build their nests(D) compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species5. Which of the following birds are m
25、entioned as those that build nests that include unusual objects?(A) Ravens(B) Ospreys(C) Crows(D) Sparrowhawks6. According to the passage , when gathering materials to build their nests, sparrowhawks do which of the following?(A) Hang upside down(B) Select only green twigs(C) Use objects blowing in
26、the wind(D) Collect more branches than necessary7. The word these in line 20 refers to(A) golden eagles(B) generations(C) winds(D) nests8. The word load in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) weight(B) number(C) section(D) level9. The author mentions twenty percent in line 23 to indicate that(A) eag
27、les are twenty percent bigger than most birds(B) twenty percent of all nests include foundation branches(C) the nests of eagles are twenty percent of larger than those of other birds(D) birds can carry twenty percent more of their own weight参考答案：BCDCB ADAD托福考试阅读冲刺3Newspaper publishers in the United
28、States have long been enthusiastic users and distributors of weather maps. Although some newspapers that had carried the United States Weather Bureaus national weather map in 1912 dropped it once the novelty had passed, many continued to print the daily weather chart provided by their local forecast
29、ing office. In the 1930s, when interest in aviation and progress in air-mass analysis made weather patterns more newsworthy, additional newspapers started or resumed the daily weather map. In 1935, The Associated Press (AP) news service inaugurated its WirePhoto network and offered subscribing newsp
30、apers morning and afternoon weather maps redrafted by the APs Washington, B.C., office from charts provided by the government agency. Another news service, United Press International (UPI), developed a competing Photowire network and also provided timely weather maps for both morning and afternoon n
31、ewspapers. After the United States government launched a series of weather satellites in 1966, both the AP and UPI offered cloud-cover photos obtained from the Weather Bureau.In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the weather map became an essential ingredient in the redesign of the American newspaper.
32、News publishers, threatened by increased competition from television for readers attention, sought to package the news more conveniently and attractively. In 1982, many publishers felt threatened by the new USA Today, a national daily newspaper that used a page-wide, full-color weather map as its ke
33、y design element. That the weather map in USA Today did not include information about weather fronts and pressures attests to the largely symbolic role it played. Nonetheless, competing local and metropolitan newspapers responded in a variety of ways. Most substituted full-color temperature maps for
34、 the standard weather maps, while others dropped the comparatively drab satellite photos or added regional forecast maps with pictorial symbols to indicate rainy, snowy, cloudy, or clear conditions. A few newspapers, notably The New York Times, adopted a highly informative yet less visually prominen
35、t weather map that was specially designed to explain an important recent or imminent weather event. Ironically, a newspapers richest, most instructive weather maps often are comparatively small and inconspicuous.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The differences between government and newsp
36、aper weather forecasting in the United States.(B) The history of publishing weather maps in United States newspapers(C) A comparison of regional and national weather reporting in the United States.(D) Information that forms the basis for weather forecasting in the United States2. The word resumed in
37、 line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) began again(B) held back(C) thought over(D) referred to3. According to the passage , one important reason why newspapers printed daily weather maps during the first half of the twentieth century was(A) the progress in printing technology(B) a growing interest in a
38、ir transportation(C) a change in atmospheric conditions(D) the improvement of weather forecasting techniques4. What regular service did The Associated Press and United Press International begin to offer subscribing newspapers in the 1930s?(A) A new system of weather forecasting(B) An air-mass analys
39、is(C) Twice daily weather maps(D) Cloud-cover photographs5. The phrase attests to in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) makes up for(B) combines with(C) interferes with(D) gives evidence of6. The word others in line 24 refers to(A) newspapers(B) ways(C) temperature maps(D) weather maps7. The word d
40、rab in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) precise(B) poor(C) simple(D) dull8. In contrast to the weather maps of USA Today, weather maps in The New York Times tended to be(A) printed in foil color(B) included for symbolic reasons(C) easily understood by the readers(D) filled with detailed informati
41、on9. The word prominent in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) complex(B) noticeable(C) appealing(D) perfect10. The author uses the term Ironically in line 28 to indicate that a weather maps appearance(A) is not important to newspaper publishers(B) does not always indicate how much information it pr
42、ovides(C) reflects how informative a newspaper can be(D) often can improve newspaper sales参考答案：BABCD ADDBB托福考试阅读冲刺4In the North American colonies, red ware, a simple pottery fired at low temperatures, and stone ware, a strong, impervious grey pottery fired at high temperatures, were produced from tw
43、o different native clays. These kinds of pottery were produced to supplement imported European pottery. When the American Revolution (1775-1783) interrupted the flow of the superior European ware, there was incentive for American potters to replace the imports with comparable domestic goods. Stonewa
44、re, which had been simple, utilitarian kitchenware, grew increasingly ornate throughout the nineteenth century, and in addition to the earlier scratched and drawn designs, three-dimensional molded relief decoration became popular. Representational motifs largely replaced the earlier abstract decorat
45、ions. Birds and flowers were particularly evident, but other subjects lions, flags, and clipper ships are found. Some figurines, mainly of dogs and lions, were made in this medium. Sometimes a name, usually that of the potter, was die-stamped onto a piece.As more and more large kilns were built to c
46、reate the high-fired stoneware, experiments revealed that the same clay used to produce low-fired red ware could produce a stronger, paler pottery if fired at a hotter temperature. The result was yellow ware, used largely for serviceable items; but a further development was Rockingham ware one of th
47、e most important American ceramics of the nineteenth century. (The name of the ware was probably derived from its resemblance to English brown-glazed earthenware made in South Yorkshire.) It was created by adding a brown glaze to the fired clay, usually giving the finished product a mottled appearance. Various methods of spattering or sponging the glaze onto the ware account for the extremely wide variations in color and add to the interest of collecting Rockingham. An advanced form of Rockingham was flint enam
