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1、五百多个心理学名词解释AB Design A single subject research design that contains one baseline (A) and one treatment (B). ABAB Design A single subject research design that contains a baseline (A1), treatment (B1), a second baseline (B2) and a second treatment phase (B2) Alpha (lowercase) The abbreviation for prob
2、ability of error in statistical results. See Type I Error. (a) Alternative Hypothesis The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data. Absolute Zero Characteristic of a scale of measurement that contains a point where the scale has no value. Accommodation The creati
3、on of new cognitive schemas when objects, experiences, or other information does not fit with existing schemas. Action Potential The firing on a neuron. Occurs when the charge inside the neuron becomes more positive than the charge outside. Acetycholine A neurotransmitter associated with voluntary m
4、ovement, sleep and wakefulness. Aggressive An interpersonal style where only the immediate needs of the self are considered rather than the needs of others. (As opposed to passive or assertive) Agoraphobia An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of leaving ones home. All or None Law Eit
5、her a neuron completely fires or it does not fire at all. Alpha (lowercase) The abbreviation for probability of error in statistical results. See Type I Error. (a) Alternative Hypothesis The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data. Altruism Behavior that is unse
6、lfish and may even be detrimental but which benefits others. Amnesia Loss of memory. Usually only a partial loss such as for a period of time or biographical information. Amygdala A part of the brains limbic system that attaches emotional significance to information and mediates both defensive and a
7、ggressive behavior. Anal Expulsive Personality Stemming from the Anal stage, a child who becomes fixated due to over control transfers his or her unresolved anal (or control) issues into characteristics such as cruelty, pushiness, messiness, or disorganization. Anal Retentive Personality Stemming fr
8、om the Anal stage, a child who becomes fixated due to under control transfers his or her unresolved anal (or control) issues into characteristics such as compulsivity, stinginess, cleanliness, organization, and obstinance. Anal Stage Freuds second stage of psychosexual development where the primary
9、sexual focus is on the elimination or holding onto feces. The stage is often thought of as representing a childs ability to control his or her own world. Analysis See Psychoanalysis. Analysis of Variance An inferential statistical procedure used to test whether or not the means of two or more sets o
10、f data are equal to each other. ANOVA Analysis of Variance. Anxiety The physiological and psychological reaction to an expected danger, whether real or imagined. Aphasia The impairment of the ability to communicate either through oral or written discourse as a result of brain damage. Approach-Approa
11、ch Conflict The conflict presented when two opposite but equally appealing choices are available but can not both be obtained. Approach-Avoidance Conflict The conflict presented when the best positive choice will result in a negative outcome as well as positive. Arousal Theory The theory stating tha
12、t we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal. Assertive Style of interpersonal interaction where both the needs of the self and others are considered. (As opposed to passive or aggressive) Assimilation Incorporating objects, experiences, or information into existin
13、g schemas. Associations The phenomenon in learning that states we are better able to remember information if it is paired with something we are familiar with or otherwise stands out. Attachment The strong bond a child forms with his or her primary caregiver. Attribution An idea or belief about the e
14、tiology of a certain behavior. Attribution Theory The theory that argues people look for explanation of behavior, associating either dispositional (internal) attributes or situational (external) attributes. Authoritarian parents Parenting style focused on excessive rules, rigid belief systems, and t
15、he expectation of unquestioned obedience. Authoritative parents Parenting style focused on setting reasonable rules and expectations while encouraging communication and independence. Autonomic Nervous System Part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the involuntary actions of the body (e.
16、g., breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation). Also regulates the Fight or Flight Phenomenon. Availability Heuristic A rule of thumb stating that information more readily available in our memory is more important than information not as easily accessible. Aversion Therapy A type of beha
17、vioral treatment where an aversive stimuli is paired with a negative behavior in hopes that the behavior will change in the future to avoid the aversive stimuli. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict The conflict where both possible choices have an equal negative outcome. Axon The tail-like part of the neuro
18、n through which information exits the cell. Behavior Modification The application of behavioral theory to change a specific behavior. Behavior Therapy The application of behavioral theory (e.g. conditioning, reinforcement) in the treatment of mental illness. Behaviorism The school of psychology foun
19、ded on the premise that behavior is measurable and can be changed through the application of various behavioral principles. Bell-Shaped Curve Also referred to as a normal distribution or normal curve, a bell-shaped curve is a perfect mesokurtic curve where the mean, median, and mode are equal. Beta
20、(uppercase) Abbreviation for Power in statistical results. See Type II Error. (b) Binocular Cues Visual cues (convergence and retinal disparity) that require both eyes to perceive distance (as opposed to monocular cues) Bisexuality Being attracted to or aroused by members of both genders. See Sexual
21、 Orientation. Blind Study As a way to avoid the placebo effect in research, this type of study is designed without the subjects knowledge of the anticipated results and sometimes even the nature of the study. The subjects are said to be blind to the expected results. Brocas Aphasia An aphasia associ
22、ated with damage to the Brocas area of the brain, demonstrated by the impairment in producing understandable speech. Burnout Changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of extended job stress and unrewarded repetition of duties. Burnout is seen as extreme dissatisfaction, pessimism, lowe
23、red job satisfaction, and a desire to quit. Canonical Correlation A correlational technique used when there are two or more X and two or more Y. (Example: The correlation between (age and sex) and (income and life satisfaction) Castration Anxiety According to Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Developmen
24、t, the fear a boy in the phallic stage experiences due to a fear that his father will render him powerless if his father finds out about his attraction toward his mother. Catharsis The emotional release associated with the expression of unconscious conflicts. CEEB Score A standard score that sets th
25、e mean to five-hundred and standard deviation to one-hundred. Used on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) Cell Body The main part of a neuron where the information is processed. Central Nervous System The brain and the spinal cord. Central Tendency A statistical measurement attempting to depict the a
26、verage score in a distribution (see mean, median, and/or mode) Centration A young childs tendency to focus only on his or her own perspective of a specific object and a failure to understand that others may see things differently. Cerebellum Part of the brain associated with balance, smooth movement
27、, and posture. Cerebral Hemispheres The two halves of the brain (right and left) Chemical Imbalance A generic term for the idea that chemical in the brain are either too scarce or too abundant resulting in or contributing to a mental disorder such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Others believe
28、 that the disorder precedes the imbalance, suggesting that a change in mood, for example, changes our chemicals rather than the chemical changing our mood. Chunk A unit of information used in memory Chunking Combining smaller units of measurement or chunks into larger chunks. (e.g., a seven chunk ph
29、one number such as 5-5-5-1-2-1-2 becomes a five chunk number such as 5-5-5-12-12) Classical Conditioning The behavioral technique of pairing a naturally occurring stimulus and response chain with a different stimulus in order to produce a response which is not naturally occurring. Client Centered Th
30、erapy A humanistic therapy based on Carl Rogers beliefs that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way. Coefficient of Determination The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Repr
31、esents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation. Coercive Power Power derived through the ability to punish. Cognition The process of receiving, processing, storing, and using information. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Treatment involving the combination of behaviorism (based on the t
32、heories of learning) and cognitive therapy (based on the theory that our cognitions or thoughts control a large portion of our behaviors). Cognitive Dissonance he realization of contradictions in ones own attitudes and behaviors. Cognitive Psychology The sub-field of psychology associated with infor
33、mation processing and the role it plays in emotion, behavior, and physiology. Cognitive Therapy The treatment approach based on the theory that our cognitions or thoughts control a large part of our behaviors and emotions. Therefore, changing the way we think can result in positive changes in the wa
34、y we act and feel. Cohort Effects The effects of being born and raised in a particular time or situation where all other members of your group has similar experiences that make your group unique from other groups Collective Unconscious According to Jung, the content of the unconscious mind that is p
35、assed down from generation to generation in all humans. Compulsion The physical act resulting from an obsession. Typically a compulsive act is done in an attempt to alleviate the discomfort created by an obsession. Concrete Operational Stage According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development wh
36、ere a child between the ages of 7 and 12 begins thinking more globally and outside of the self but is still deficient in abstract thought. Concurrent Validity A measurements ability to correlate or vary directly with an accepted measure of the same construct Conditioned Response The response in a st
37、imulus-response chain that is not naturally occurring, but rather has been learned through its pairing with a naturally occurring chain. Conditioned Stimulus The stimulus in a stimulus-response chain that is not naturally occurring, but rather has been learned through its pairing with a naturally oc
38、curring chain. Conditioning The process of learning new behaviors or responses as a result of their consequences. Confidence Interval The level of certainty that the true score falls within a specific range. The smaller the range the less the certainty. Conformity Changing your attitudes, beliefs, t
39、houghts, or behaviors in order to be more consistent with others. Confound Any variable that is not part of a research study but still has an effect on the research results Conscience According to Freud, the restriction demanded by the superego. Consciousness Awareness of yourself and the world arou
40、nd you. Conservation he understanding, typically achieved in later childhood, that matter remains the same even when the shape changes (i.e., a pound of clay is still a pound of clay whether is is rolled in a ball or pounded flat). Consolidation The physiological changes in the brain associated with
41、 memory storage. Consolidation Failure The failure to store information in memory. Constant Any variable that remains the same throughout a study. Construct any variable that can not be directly observed but rather is measured through indirect methods. (Examples: intelligence, motivation) Construct
42、Validity The general validity of a measuring device. Construct validity answers the question of whether or not the measuring device actually measures the construct under question. Content Validity A measurement devices ability to be generalized to the entire content of what is being measured. Contex
43、t Dependent Memory The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place. Continuous Reinforcement The application of reinforcement every time a specific behavior occurs. Control Group The group of subjects in an experiment t
44、hat does not receive the independent variable. Convergence The binocular cue to distance referring to the fact that the closer an object, the more inward our eyes need to turn in order to focus Convergent Thinking Logical and conventional thought leading to a single answer. Conversion Disorder A som
45、atoform disorder where the individual experiences a loss of sensation or function due to a psychological belief (e.g., paralysis, blindness, deafness). Correlated Sample Sample data that is related to each other. Correlation The degree to which two or more variables a related to each other. A correl
46、ation refers to the direction that the variables move and does not necessarily represent cause and effect. (Example: height and weight are correlated. As one increases, the other tends to increase as well) Correlation Coefficient The statistic or number representing the degree to which two or more variables are related. Often abbreviated r. Counterconditioning The use of conditioning to eliminate a previously conditioned response. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is repaired w
