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1、TOEFL阅读理解真题汇总 为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理一些托福阅读真题，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读真题1In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers and fruit were typically the province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however,
2、the Peale family of Philadelphia established the still life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate objects, as a valuable part of the artists repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representi
3、ng little more than what they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting satire and critical social commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and well past mid-century.John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-
4、life tradition that arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of the Peales pieces on a larger scale, with greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also indebted to the luncheo
5、n type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests. The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The arra
6、ngement is additive, that is, made up of many different parts, not always compositionally integrated, with all objects of essentially equal importance.About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United States from Germany and settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of fl
7、owers, fruit, or both, often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with fruit and champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, the beautifully painted objects carry additional meanings
8、 butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life, a birds nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesens art expresses the abundance that America symbolized to many of its citizens.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale(B) H
9、ow Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century(C) Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in the United States(D) How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings2. Which of the following is mentioned as a characteristic of the still lifes of James and SarahMiriam Peale?(
10、A) simplicity(B) symbolism(C) smooth texture(D) social commentary3. The word biting in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) simple(B) sorrowful(C) frequent(D) sharp4. The word It in line 13 refers to(A) Luncheon Still Life(B) one of the Peales pieces(C) a larger scale(D) the number of objects5. The wo
11、rd heightened in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) complicated(B) directed(C) observed(D) increased6. The word meticulous in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) careful(B) significant(C) appropriate(D) believable7. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) repertoire (line 5)(B)
12、satire (line 8)(C) additive (line 17)(D) rendering (line 23)8. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of Roesens still lifes EXCEPT that they(A) are symbolic(B) use simplified representations of flowers and fruit(C) include brilliant colors(D) are large in size9. Which of the followin
13、g is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesens painting?(A) Fertility(B) Freedom(C) Impermanence(D) AbundancePASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBD托福阅读真题2Perhaps one of the most dramatic and important changes that took place in the Mesozoic era occurred late in that era, among the small organisms that populate the
14、uppermost, sunlit portion of the oceans the plankton. The term plankton is a broad one, designating all of the small plants and animals that float about or weakly propel themselves through the sea. In the late stages of the Mesozoic era, during the Cretaceous period, there was a great expansion of p
15、lankton that precipitated skeletons or shells composed of two types of mineral: silica and calcium carbonate.This development radically changed the types of sediments that accumulated on the seafloor, because, while the organic parts of the plankton decayed after the organisms died, their mineralize
16、d skeletons often survived and sank to the bottom. For the first time in the Earths long history, very large quantities of silica skeletons, which would eventually harden into rock, began to pile up in parts of the deep sea. Thick deposits of calcareous ooze made up of the tiny remains of the calciu
17、m carbonate-secreting plankton also accumulated as never before. The famous white chalk cliffs of Dover, in the southeast of England, are just one example of the huge quantities of such material that amassed during the Cretaceous period; there are many more. Just why the calcareous plankton were so
18、prolific during the latter part of the Cretaceous period is not fully understood. Such massive amounts of chalky sediments have never since been deposited over a comparable period of time.The high biological productivity of the Cretaceous oceans also led to ideal conditions for oil accumulation. Oil
19、 is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum. Sediments rich in organic material accumulated along the margins of the Tethys Seaway, the tropical east-west ocean that formed when Earths si
20、ngle landmass (known as Pangaea) split apart during the Mesozoic era. Many of todays important oil fields are found in those sediments in Russia, the Middle East, the Gulf of Mexico, and in the states of Texas and Louisiana in the United States.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How sedimen
21、ts were built up in oceans during the Cretaceous period(B) How petroleum was formed in the Mesozoic era(C) The impact of changes in oceanic animal and plant life in the Mesozoic era(D) The differences between plankton found in the present era and Cretaceous plankton2. The passage indicates that the
22、Cretaceous period occurred(A) in the early part of the Mesozoic era(B) in the middle part of the Mesozoic era(C) in the later part of the Mesozoic era(D) after the Mesozoic era3. The passage mentions all of the following aspects of plankton EXCEPT(A) the length of their lives(B) the level of the oce
23、an at which they are found(C) their movement(D) their size4. The word accumulated in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) depended(B) matured(C) dissolved(D) collected5. According to the passage , the most dramatic change to the oceans caused by plankton duringthe Cretaceous period concerned(A) the de
24、pth of the water(B) the makeup of the sediment on the ocean floor(C) the decrease in petroleum-producing sediment(D) a decline in the quantity of calcareous ooze on the seafloor6. The white chalk cliffs of Dover are mentioned in line 14 of the passage to(A) show where the plankton sediment first beg
25、an to build up(B) provide an example of a plankton buildup that scientists cannot explain(C) provide an example of the buildup of plankton sediment(D) indicate the largest single plankton buildup on Earth7. The word prolific in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) fruitful(B) distinct(C) determined(D
26、) energetic8. The word ideal in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) common(B) clear(C) perfect(D) immediate9. The word it in line 22 refers to(A) biological productivity(B) oil(C) organic material(D) petroleumPASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC托福阅读真题3The term art deco has come to encompass three distinct but rela
27、ted design trends of the 1920s and 1930s. The first was what is frequently referred to as zigzag moderne the exotically ornamental style of such skyscrapers as the Chrysler Building in New York City and related structures such as the Paramount Theater in Oakland, California. The word zigzag alludes
28、to the geometric and stylized ornamentation of zigzags, angular patterns, abstracted plant and animal motifs, sunbursts, astrological imagery, formalized fountains, and related themes that were applied in mosaic relief, and mural form to the exterior and interior of the buildings. Many of these buil
29、dings were shaped in the ziggurat form, a design resembling an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower that recedes in progressively smaller stages to the summit, creating a staircase-like effect. The second manifestation of art deco was the 1930s streamlined moderne style a Futuristic-looking aerodynamic
30、 style of rounded corners and horizontal bands known as speed stripes. In architecture, these elements were frequently accompanied by round windows, extensive use of glass block, and flat rooftops.The third style, referred to as either international stripped classicism, or simply classical moderne,
31、also came to the forefront during the Depression, a period of severe economic difficult in the 1930s. This was a more conservative style, blending a simplified modernistic style with a more austere form of geometric and stylized relief sculpture and other ornament, including interior murals. Many bu
32、ildings in this style were erected nationwide through government programs during the Depression.Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it. For example, like art nouveau (189
33、0-1910), art deco also used plant motifs, but regularized the forms into abstracted repetitive patterns rather than presenting them as flowing, asymmetrical foliage, like the Viennese craftspeople of the Wiener Werkstatte, art deco designers worked with exotic materials, geometricized shapes, and co
34、lorfully ornate patterns. Furthermore, like the artisans of the Arts and Crafts Movement in England and the United States, art deco practitioners considered it their mission to transform the domestic environment through well-designed furniture and household accessories.1. What aspect of art deco doe
35、s the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of art deco on the design of furniture and household accessories(B) Ways in which government programs encouraged the development of art deco(C) Architectural manifestations of art deco during the 1920s and 1930s(D) Reasons for the popularity of art deco
36、 in New York and California2. The word encompass in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) separate(B) include(C) replace(D) enhance3. The phrase The first in line 2 refers to(A) the term art deco(B) design trends(C) the 1920s and 1930s(D) skyscrapers4. In line 9, the author mentions an ancient Mesopota
37、mian temple tower in order to(A) describe the exterior shape of certain art deco buildings(B) explain the differences between ancient and modern architectural steles(C) emphasize the extent of architectural advances(D) argue for a return to more traditional architectural design5. The streamlined mod
38、erne style is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT(A) animal motifs(B) flat roofs(C) round windows(D) speed stripes6. The phrase came to the forefront in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) grew in complexity(B) went through a process(C) changed its approach(D) became important7. According t
39、o the passage , which of the following statements most accurately describes therelationship between art deco and art nouveau?(A) They were art forms that competed with each other for government support during theDepression era.(B) They were essentially the same art form.(C) Art nouveau preceded art
40、deco and influenced it.(D) Art deco became important in the United States while art nouveau became popular inEngland.8. According to the passage , a building having an especially ornate appearance would mostprobably have been designed in the style of(A) zigzag moderne(B) streamlined moderne(C) class
41、ical moderne(D) the Arts and Crafts Movement9. According to the passage , which of the following design trends is known by more than onename?(A) Zigzag moderne(B) Streamlined moderne(C) International stripped classicism(D) Arts and Crafts Movement10. The passage is primarily developed as(A) the historical chronology of a movement(B) a description of specific buildings that became famous for their unusual beauty(C) an analysis of various trends within an artistic movement(D) an argument of the advantages of one artistic form over anotherPASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACC
