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1、人教英语选修六第三单元知识点U3(选修六) Words and expressions 1滥用,妄用；虐待，辱骂 2弊病，陋习 1.abuse n. vt. 滥用,妄用,虐待 e.g. He abused his power while in office.他在职时滥用权力。 Those captives were physically abused.那些俘虏遭受了肉体上的摧残 drug abuse 滥用毒品 child abuse 虐待儿童 abuse ones position / power滥用职权/权利 abuse a privilege滥用特权 2. stress 1压力; 重音,重
2、读 1）n. be under (the) stress (of) 在压力下 suffer from stress遭受压力 the stresses and strains of modern life现代生活的压力和紧张 2强调, 重要性 e.g. Some school lay / put /place stress on foreign language education. 2）vt. 加压力于; 重读; 强调 e.g. He stressed the importance of the task. 3.ban 1）n.禁令,禁止 a ban on sth 2）vt.禁止, 取缔 ba
3、n sb. from (doing) sth. 颁布禁令 impose a ban解除禁令 lift a ban e.g. Our government has put/ imposed a ban on plastic bags. 4. due to 归因于, 归功于 e.g. The accident is due to your careless driving. 那意外事故归因于你驾驶不小心。 be due to do sth 定于某时做某事 e.g. He is due to speak at the meeting tomorrow. 可以被caused by 所代替 The tr
4、ain is due in five minutes.(预定的，预期的） My rent isnt due till Wednesday. In due course 在适当的时候 after due consideration经适当考虑之后 because of “由于”, 较口语化，只作状语 owing to 较正式，须用逗号与主句隔开 thanks to “多亏了” ，多用于正面的意义 as a result of “因为” as a result 副短, “因此” therefore 副词, “因此” so并列连词, “因此” because of ,due to , owing to
5、 , on account of和 thanks to 的用法比较 这一词都表示“由于”的意思，在使用时应该注意以下区别： 1because of意为“由于，因为”，强调因果关系，在句中仅作状语，修饰句中的一部分，与其他成分不用逗号隔开。 如：We must not get discouraged because of such a minor setback 我们决不可因为这样一个小小的挫折而灰心丧气。 2owing to与because of一样，也强调因果关系，除作状语外，也可作表语。作状语时修饰整个句子，可在句首或句末，用逗号隔开。如： They decided to cancel t
6、he flight，owing to the storm 由于这场暴风雨，他们决定取消这个航班。 His death was owing to an accident他死于一场事故。 3due to引出造成后果的原因，在句中作表语、状语和定语。作表语和状语时与owing to同义，作状语时，一般不与其他成分隔开。不用于句首。如： This accident was due tohis careless driving 这次车祸是由于他开车疏忽大意造成的。 He arrived late due tothe storm由于暴风雨他来晚了。 Mistakes due to carelessness
7、 may have serious consequences 由于疏忽大意造成的错误可能带来严重的后果。 4on account of与because of，owing to同义，但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语，不作定语。如： He could not come on account of his illness他因病不能前来。 That was on account of lack of exercise那是由于缺乏锻炼。 5thanks to表示“幸亏，多亏”多用于表达正面意思，相当于感谢，在句中作状语和表语。 如：Thanks to your advice，much trouble wa
8、s saved多亏你的建议，减少了许多麻烦。 5.tough 1）The wire is tougher than that. (坚韧的，不易磨损的） 2）You need to be tough enough to survive in the jungle. 3） a tough criminal 4）tough measures to deal with terrorism 5）a tough assignment / problem / choice 6） a tough steak 6.fit 1)V. 1.The dress doesnt fit me. 2.We cant fit
9、 any more chairs into the room. 3. be fitted with handles 4. His ideas did not quite fit in with our aims. 他的想法和我们的目标不完全一致。 (与相一致，相协调） 2)Adj. keep fit be fit for / to do The book is fit (suitable) for children. The fresh air is fit to breath. 反义词： unfit be unfit for / to do 区分fit , suit, match These
10、 shoes dont fit me. Have you got a larger size? 这鞋我穿不合适。你们有大点的吗？ That haircut suits you. 那种发型很适合你。 The carpets should match the curtains. 地毯应该和窗帘相配。 You cant match him in his knowledge of wild plants. 在野生植物知识方面，你无法与他相比。 7. addicted adj. “对某某上瘾”, “沉湎于某某” e.g. My children have become hopelessly addict
11、ed to television. 我的几个孩子都成了电视迷, 简直不可救药了。 构词法： addict n. 吸毒成瘾的人 addiction n. 沉湎、成瘾 addictive adj. 使人上瘾的 addict常用于下列结构： addict oneself to sth. 沉溺于某物 be addicted to sth. 专心做某事;上了.的瘾 be addicted to doing sth. Eg.The parents felt helpless when they found their son had _ love stories for long. A. addicted
12、 B. addicted to C. addicted himself D. been addicted to 8. accustom v.使人习惯于、养成习惯 e.g. She found it necessary to accustom her child to getting up early. 她觉得有必要让孩子养成早起的好习惯。 常用句式： 1) accustom+名词/oneself + to+名 eg.Children are quick to accustom themselves to new surroundings.孩子们很快就会适应新环境。 2) be accustom
13、ed to +名词 e.g. I am accustomed to walking long distances. 我习惯与长距离步行。 3) get/become/be accustomed to +名词 e.g. You will soon get accustomed to the job. 你将会习惯于这个工作。 同义词组：be / get / become used to 注意: 在英语中, to有时为动词不定式符号, 后跟动词原形; 有时用作介词, 后跟名词、代词、或动名词。下面的这些短语中的to 均为介词。 stick to 坚持 lead to 导致, 通向 pay a vis
14、it to 参观 sentence sb. to 宣判某人 come to 谈到, 涉及 see to 处理，负责 be up to 总计 devoteto 致力于 get down to 开始 /着手 be opposed to / object to 反对 be devoted to 致力于，献身于 be attached to adjust (adapt) to be exposed to look forward to pay attention to attend to contribute to turn to admit to when it comes to 9.withdra
15、w-withdrawal The general refused to withdraw his troops. She withdrew all her savings and left the country. withdrawal symptoms 戒毒过程中出现的症状 10. quit 动词, 过去式和过去分词均为quit,现在分词为quitting, 接动词-ing形式, “停止做” e.g. She quit smoking when she got pregnant. 她一怀孕就戒了烟。 归类记忆:下列动词只能用-ing 形式作宾语 admit, advise, allow, a
16、ppreciate, avoid, consider, deny , forbid(禁止), fancy(想象), finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, permit, prevent, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, imagine, postpone(推迟), practice, quit, resist(抵制), risk , suggest, tolerate, understand Line 18: I did finally manage. Line 30: I do hope so be
17、cause I want you to live do/does/did+动词原形，用于肯定句和祈使句中，表示强调。 注意：只用于强调谓语动词。 强调谓语以外的成分可使用： It is/was that It was when I was doing my homework that I saw him sleeping. It was I that/who saw him sleeping in class. Do be careful when crossing the street. He does speak English well. Line 19: I didnt know, f
18、or example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. 点拨 该句是一个包含两个宾语从句的主从复合句。 第二个宾语从句that 不能省略。 主句为I didnt know。or连接这两个宾语从句, 意为“也不”。I dont know . or . 这个句型译为“我不知道, 也不知道”。如： I dont know where to go or what to do.我不知道
19、去哪里也不知道干什么。 We believe (that) you are honest and that youve told us the truth. 我们相信你很老实，也相信你已告诉了我们实情。 Line 22: Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the heath of non-smokers. Line 1: it is not easy to stop smoking, but millions have managed to quit and so can you. neither/nor +be/助
20、动词/情态动词, 表示否定的情况 so +be/助动词/情态动词，表示肯定的情况。 She doesnt like English, neither do I. I have mastered the use of it, so have she. 注意：so+主语+助动词 I have finished all my homework, so have she. -She finished all the homework yesterday. -So she did. 我已经完成了作业，她也是。 -她昨天把所有的作业完成了。 -她确实都完成了。 Line 27: I knew it was
21、 time to quit smoking. It is/was time (for sb) to do sth. It is (high/about) time that sb. did/should do sth. It is/was)the first (second) time that sb. have/has done sth./had done sth. Its time for us to study hard. 该是我们认真学习的时候了 Its high time that we studied/should study hard. Its the first time th
22、at my classmates and I have got together. 昨天晚上是我们第一次同学聚会。 11.strengthen Practicing Kongfu strengthens our bodies. We must strengthen our socialist construction. We should strengthen the legal system. He lifted the stone with all his strength. The ability to keep calm is one of his many strengths. Bi
23、ll was doing a lot of physical exercises to build up his strength. To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their strengths and weaknesses. 12.decide decision 1.decide+名词/代词 The question will be decided by themselves.问题将由他们自己决定。 2.decide to do Last week, a group
24、 of Class 3 students decided to go to the museum. 3.decide+从句 Lets first decide where we should go. (=Lets first decide where to go.) It is not decided whether we will go there. It is decided that.： It is decided that we should start tomorrow. 4.跟介词短语(跟on或upon，表示“就某事做出决定”)： Dont decide on important
25、matters too quickly.重要的事情不要匆忙做出决定。 make a decision determine to do / be determined to do make up ones mind (s) to do 13. feel like 想要, 只表示一次的想法, 后接动词-ing形式 e.g. Its so hot today. I feel like going swimming. 今天好热啊, 我想去游泳。 摸起来像, 像是 e.g. The material feels like silk It feels like rain. would like to do
26、 e.g. Id like to have dinner with you. Line 6: Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker. every time 在此句中引导时间状语，表示“每次的时候” Every time I go to see her, she is always busy working. 每次我去看她，她总是忙于工作。 下列用法均可做连词： the first time 第一次的时候 the moment/minute/instant/
27、immediately/instantly/directly 一.就. every time=each time 每次的时候 last time 上次 next time 下次 by the time到为止 I fell in love with him the first time I saw him. 第一次见到他的时候，我就喜欢他了。 The last time I saw her, she was working. 最后一次见到她的时候，她正在工作。 I always go too see my best friend immediately we have a holiday. 一放
28、假，我总是去看我最好的朋友。 14.remind remind sb of sth remind sb to to remind sb that e.g. The story reminded me of an experience I once lived. You must remind him to take his medicine ,in case he forgets. Please remind me that I must return the book before noon. 15.ashamed adj. feel sorry or embarrassed e.g. Sh
29、e is ashamed to ask such a simple question. 相关短语：be ashamed of sb./ sth be ashamed that be ashamed to do What a shame! Its a shame (pity) that .真是遗憾 16. in spite of 尽管, 虽然，不顾。后接名词（despite) eg. She cant see very well in spite of her glasses. (despite) 尽管戴着眼镜她还是不能看得很清楚。 Despite (In spite of) the fact
30、that we tried our best, we didnt win. regardless of 不管，不顾，不理会 He says what he thinks and does what he wants to do, regardless of other peoples feelings. The law says everyone is equal, regardless of age, sex, or religion. Though / Although / Even if Even though its hard work, I enjoy it. Young as /
31、though I am, I already know what career I want to follow. 17. get into陷于, 染上什么习惯 get into the habit of 养成什么习惯。 相当于fall into the habit of或者form the habit of e.g. The girl has got into the habit of playing with her hair while reading. 那个女孩养成了阅读时玩弄头发的习惯。 短语联想： get into trouble 惹上麻烦 get into debt 负债累累 g
32、et along / on with get away with get down get in get off get over get through get together 18.at risk=in danger take risks/ a risk at the risk of 冒的危险/风险 at your own risk 自担风险 run the risk of 冒险(做某事) risk doing 19.survival-survive-survivor Of the four people in the car accident,only one survived. Ma
33、ny customs have survived from earlier times.许多风俗习惯源源流长 The old lady has survived her husband.那老妇人的丈夫先她而去世了 He felt lucky to have survived the war.经历那场战争后能幸存下来他感到很幸运 20.possible, probable, likely 的用法 Its possible (for sb) to do Its possible that Its probable that sth is probable Its likely that. 主语+b
34、e likely to do 21.prejudice pride and prejudice 傲慢与偏见 She has a prejudice against modern music. 她对现代音乐怀有偏见。 They accused him of having a prejudice against his women employees. 他们指责他歧视女雇员。 A new law has been brought in to discourage racial prejudice. 一项反对种族歧视的新法律已被提出。 judgement-judge in ones judgemen
35、t依判断 judge.from / by依判断 judging by / from在句中作状语 In my judgement, he is guilty. We cant judge a book by its cover. Judging from his skin, he comes from Africa. 练习：Complete the sentences with words from the text. 1. Rice production has increased greatly in China over the last few years, largely _ supe
36、r hybrid rice. 2. Having lived in Hawaii all his life, he was not _ to the cold of Northern Europe. due to accustomed 3. He was _ of his body so he decided to go on a diet and do more exercise. 4. In spite of her wounded leg, she _to get up the stairs. 5. He told me the same story _ until I felt lik
37、e screaming. ashamed managed automatically 6. With exams only a week away, I am under a lot of _. 7. When I _ playing sport I become very fat and unhealthy. 8. _ health is as important as physical health. stress quit/quitted Mental 9. Now that I am _ I eat a good diet because I want my baby to be bo
38、rn healthy. 10. _ often take more risks than adults. pregnant Adolescents Complete the text with words from below. adolescents 青少年 cigarettes 香烟 quit 停止, 戒 drugs毒品 due to 归因于 stress压力 eventually 终于 alcohol酒 addicted 上瘾的 manage管理, 努力做 Smoking _, drinking _ or taking other _ produce many harmful effec
39、ts and have no real benefits. So why do _do it? Some because they believe it makes them look cool. Others think it will help with _ in their life possibly _ pressure from their parents or teachers. alcohol drugs adolescents stress due to cigarettes Some just want to see what it is like. What they dont realize is that they will get into the habit and _ become _. It will then be difficult to _ the habit. A few people _ to quit easily but for many it is a very painful process. Of course, the best way to deal with these drugs is not to start in the first place. eventually addicted quit manage
