最新托福阅读真题2020.doc
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1、最新托福阅读真题2020 为了让大家更好的准备托福考试,给大家整理一些托福阅读真题,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读真题1PASSAGE 16The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally
2、the winged lizards. The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pte
3、rosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing moveme
4、nt. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme
5、in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as on
6、e would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation
7、of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that
8、 Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx(C) Reasons
9、 for the extinction of early flying vertebrates(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.(C) They connected the front and back limbs.(D) They require
10、d fingers of equal length.3. The word literally in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) creating(B) meaning(C) related to(D) simplified4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies(A) in the early Triassic period(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs(C) after t
11、he decline of pterosaurs(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized f
12、light and animal flight(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils6. The word They in line 10 refers to(A) powerful muscles(B) bodies(C) jaws(D) flying reptiles7. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably not skillful fliers (lines 10-11) because(A) of their limited wi
13、ngspan(B) of their disproportionately large bodies(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from(A) a similarity in body structure to pte
14、rosaurs(B) an evolution from pterosaurs(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs9. The word classified in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) perfected(B) replaced(C) categorized(D) protected10. Which of the follo
15、wing helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?(A) Its tail(B) Its teeth(C) The shape of its skull(D) Details of its bone structure11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosau
16、rs.(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.托福阅读真题2PASSAGE 17Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, hav
17、e not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. H
18、eat is transferred from the birds skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks,
19、rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the b
20、ottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercia
21、l incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the birds method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which
22、 to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chil
23、led to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned a
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