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1、2007年中国新能源行业发展分析发展替代能源是我国经济实现可持续发展的前提。十一五期间，在现有的能源和资源边界的约束下，能源替代这一有助于解决经济可持续发展瓶颈问题的产业，孕育着重大投资机会。 在我国现有能源供给的约束条件下，我国面临着能源供需结构性矛盾，能源自给安全压力以及巨大的环保压力。发展替代能源，实现传统能源之间、传统能源和新能源之间的替代是解决我国能源供需瓶颈，供需结构性矛盾以及减轻环境压力的有效途径。 在我国未来的能源消费格局中，决定不同形式能源的应用及发展前景的决定因素有两点，一是能源使用过程中的内外部成本，二是后继储量以及是否可再生。国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要指出可再生能
2、源再2020年我国能源消费中的比重将达到16%。 一、各种能源形式发电成本比较 风电是目前最具成本优势的可再生能源，风力资源较好的地区的风力发电成本与燃油发电或燃气发电相比，已经具备成本竞争力。目前我国风力发电装机容量仅占我国可利用风力资源0.1%风电到2020年很可能超越核电，成为我国第三大发电形式。2006年到2015年风机设备市场容量总计达到1000亿元以上，目前我国风机设备的国产化率仅有25%，目前对风电场招标有70%国产化率的要求，本土风机制造商面临巨大市场空间。 太阳能是最丰富的可再生能源形式，是所有化石能源及多种可再生能源的源头。多晶硅价格上涨对于多晶硅太阳能电池行业的影响并非完
3、全负面，行业内不具备竞争优势的厂商的电池片产能和组件产能成为无效产能，避免了电池片和组件价格的恶性竞争，行业优胜劣汰得以更快的实现。高价多晶硅的压力下，优势企业也会有极强的动力削减成本，比如应用更先进的硅片切割技术，提高太阳能电池转换效率等，以求获得成本优势和竞争力。，多晶硅太阳能行业有可能08-09年重新进入黄金发展期。 在我国能源消费新格局中，中国富煤少油的能源禀赋格局决定了煤变油，煤代油具备比较成优势。生物质能油品具有清洁环保，可再生的特点，中长期将成为重要的交通用能源。 十一五期间，在现有的能源和资源边界的约束下，能源替代这一有助于解决经济可持续发展瓶颈问题的产业，孕育着重大投资机会。
4、 二、实施能源替代是我国经济可持续增长的前提 发展替代能源是我国经济实现可持续发展的前提，在我国现有能源供给的约束条件下，我国面临着能源供需结构性矛盾，能源自给安全压力以及巨大的环保压力。我国能源的供给矛盾突出的表现在两个方面，一是石油和天然气可采年限远低于世界平均水平，其次是人均能源占有量较低。我国石油的可采储备年限只有15年，相对丰富的煤炭资源仅能维持81年。人均石油，煤炭，然气，以及水电资源的占有量分别为世界的6.8%，63%，6.0%，75%。根据BP世界能源统计2006的数据，世界2005年的能源消耗增量中，中国的贡献率超过了50%。按照我国目前的能源消费增速，我国传统能源储量不足的
5、问题将会愈加突出，能源供给构成中长期内经济发展的重大瓶颈。 2005年世界石油、天然气、煤炭名义价格均创出了历史新高，我国的经济增长正为高价能源付出代价。 2005年中国原油表观消费量3.23亿吨，进口原油1.27亿吨，进口成品油3143万吨，石油严重依赖进口，进口运输路径严重依赖马六甲海峡，石油供应安全潜在风险成为我国外交战略的重大牵制因素。在国际国内环境成本越来越显性化的趋势下，如果不改变目前我国以煤炭为并因而大量排放温室气体的一次能源消费方式，未来我国还将付出更多的环保代价。作为发展中国家，目前我国在京都议定书框架下的权利多于义务，但作为世界第二大二氧化碳以及第一大二氧化硫排放国，未来可
6、能需要承担更多的义务。发展替代能源，实现传统能源之间、传统能源和新能源之间的替代是解决我国能源供需瓶颈，供需结构性矛盾以及减轻环境压力的有效途径，我国必将步入更为多元化、清洁、高效的能源消费新时代。能源消费新格局的形成离不开各个国家策推动，欧、日、美、西班牙，印度等国替代能源的迅速发展，与上述国家政府的鼓励政策和相关促进法规息息相关。 三、我国未来能源消费将形成多元，清洁，高效的新格局 2006年2月9日，国务院出台了国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要中，在能源这一重点领域中，优先主题包括：工业节能，煤的高效清洁利用，可再生能源的低成本规模化开发利用。规划纲要中还明确提出：到2020年，可再生能
7、源在我国能源结构中的比重将达到16%。十一五规划中，也提出要节约优先，多元发展，优化生产和消费结构，构筑稳定，经济，清洁，安全的能源供应体系。2006年1月1日，可再生能源法在我国正式实施，这是国际上第五部正式的可再生能源的相关法律。此外，国务院及有关部委已经并且即将出台的配套实施细则一共有12条。这些实施细则从产业发展指导，电价，总量目标，财税补贴，专项基金，并网发电等各个细节方面对于可再生能源的发展予以支持和细化。 根据国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要，水电总装机达到3亿千瓦，风电装机目标为3000万千瓦，生物质发电达到3000万千瓦，沼气年利用总量达到443亿立方米，太阳能发电装机180
8、万千瓦，太阳能热水器总集热面积达到3亿平方米，燃料乙醇的年生产能力达到1000万吨，生物柴油的年生产能力达到200万吨。在我国未来的能源消费格局中，决定不同形式能源的应用及发展前景的决定因素有两点，一是能源使用过程中的内外部成本，二是后继储量以及是否可再生。 风电是目前最具成本优势的可再生能源，风力资源较好的地区的风力发电成本与燃油发电或燃气发电相比，已经具备成本竞争力。我国可以利用的陆上风力资源达到2.5万亿千瓦，居世界第一，目前我国风力发电装机容量仅占我国可利用风力资源的0.1%。 2005年全世界新增风电装机容量11769兆瓦，比上年增加3562兆瓦，增长43%；新增风电总投资达120亿
9、欧元或140亿美元。2005年，世界风电装机容量前6位的国家，依次为德国18428兆瓦、西班牙10027兆瓦、美国9149兆瓦、印度4430兆瓦、丹麦3122兆瓦和意大利1717兆瓦，其中，丹麦电能供应的22%由风力发电提供。 2005年底风电装机超过百万千瓦的有11个国家，7个欧洲国家、3个亚洲国家(印度、中国、日本)和美国。我国风电发展速度05年居全球第一，达到65%，从2004年底的76.4万千瓦增长到126万千瓦。按照中长期发展规划纲要，未来十五年我国风力发电复合增长率将达到26.5%。 按目前我国风力发电的实际速度，风电装机在2010年可能突破500万千瓦的规划，到2020年很可能超
10、越核电，成为我国第三大发电形式。2006年到2015年，保守预计风机设备类的市场容量将达到1000亿元以上，目前我国风机设备的国产化率仅有25%，我国中长期发展规划强调了要培养大型MW级风机整机的制造能力，目前对风电场招标设备有70%国产化率的要求，这为本土的风机制造商预留了巨大的市场空间。由于风机体积巨大，风机受销售半径的影响较为明显，国内厂商在运输及后继维护方面具备成本优势。 2005年世界前十大风机制造商中，西班牙和印度的风机整机制造商占到3家。中国迅速发展的风电行业将使得一批企业，通过自主创新或以市场换技术的方式，成为具备竞争力的风机设备制造商，他们的崛起将进一步推进中国风电行业的发展
11、。预计我国的市场将能够容纳3-5家大型风机整机制造商。风电设备相关上市公司有G湘电，G天威，*ST仪表。太阳能是最丰富可再生能源形式，是所有化石能源及多种可再生能源的源头，我国一年接受的太阳能辐射热量相当于1.73万亿吨标准煤。目前，由于太阳能发电成本远高于化石能源，仅在欧美日等国开始了推广和应用，但是太阳能电池组件的价格从1980年以来下降了80%以上，成本呈现快速下降趋势。 新增太阳能装机容量。2005年，世界新增太阳能电池装机容量为1727MW，新增太阳能电池装机容量较2004年增长了44.5%，德国新增832MW，日本新增292MW，美国新增102.2MW。太阳能电池装机容量的迅速增长
12、，导致目前主流生产技术的多晶硅太阳能电池上游的多晶硅原材料供应日益紧张，零售价格从2003年的30美元/KG左右上涨到了目前的300美元/KG。多晶硅价格上涨对于多晶硅太阳能电池行业的影响要从正反两个方面来看。负面的作用有两方面，一是多晶硅的成本给下游厂商造成了巨大成本压力，同时使得厂商面临产能利用率不足的风险。二是出现更具备成本竞争力的替代技术的可能性加大，现有多晶硅技术被替代的风险加大。但正面作用也是存在的，尤其是对于优势厂商而言，部分优势企业与多晶硅原料供应商有长期的合作关系或者在某种程度上存在垂直一体化，行业内不具备竞争优势的厂商的电池片产能和组件产能成为无效产能，避免了电池片和组件价
13、格的恶性竞争，多晶硅成本上涨在相当程度上得以转嫁，行业优胜劣汰得以更快的实现。另一方面，在高价多晶硅的压力下，优势企业也会有极强的动力削减成本，比如应用更先进的硅片切割技术，提高太阳能电池转换效率等，以求获得成本优势和竞争力。我们可以预见，未来多晶硅价格回落后，多晶硅太阳能技术相对于其他技术的成本竞争力将进一步加强。多晶硅太阳能行业极有可能08-09年重新进入黄金发展期。 我国中长期发展规划中，太阳能发电行业在2006年至2020年的复合增长率为23.1%。光伏太阳能的优势是：资源无限，污染较少，时间空间限制少，安全可靠，补峰节能，在建筑物节能应用方面具备广阔前景，是中长期潜力最大的替代能源。
14、目前主流的光伏太阳能电池技术发电成本与传统能源相比仍然偏高，08年前多晶硅供应不足可能造成的产能利用率不足的问题，不排除薄膜电池获得突破性进展替代现有多晶硅技术的可能性，但是目前薄膜太阳能电池仍然存在着稳定性不够，转换率偏低，以及薄膜使用寿命较短的约束，在商业化应用方面仍有待开发。国内光伏太阳能电池行业的相关上市公司有G天威，G航天，G南玻，G风帆等。 在我国能源消费新格局中，新的重要的一元将是传统能源之间的替代以及生物质能油品对于传统车用油品的替代。由于我国“富煤，贫油，少气”的资源禀赋特征，未来以煤变油和煤代油为代表的煤化工将出现突破性进展。煤变油有直接液化和间接液化两种形式，直接液化可以
15、直接生成汽、柴油，由于反应条件较为苛刻，目前国际上尚无成功商业化的先例。间接液化是先对煤炭进行气化处理，通过催化合成等反应途径生成汽、柴油。煤变油在国际上的成功案例有南非的Sasol公司，该公司对于南非GDP的贡献高达4%，2005年该公司的净利润达到15.4亿美元。中国与南非在能源禀赋方面具有一定相似性，即富煤少油，煤变油具备比较成本优势。目前国内神华集团，兖煤集团，伊泰集团，潞安集团都在从事煤变油的前期工作，兖煤集团在股改时承诺在适当的时机将让上市公司参与煤变油项目投资。煤基液体燃料的发展对解决我国石油自给具有重大战略性意义，十一五规划将为甲醇在汽车燃料方面的替代开辟一条新路。除了煤基液体
16、燃料，生物汽油、生物柴油也将成为重要的车用油品替代。截至目前，“十五”乙醇汽油专项规划的目标已如期实现，国内四家燃料乙醇定点厂总生产能力达到102万吨/年，其中黑龙江华润酒精有限公司10万吨/年、吉林燃料乙醇有限公司30万吨/年、河南天冠燃料乙醇有限公司30万吨/年和安徽丰原生化股份有限公司32万吨/年，上述4个企业已累计生产生物燃料乙醇120多万吨，在黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河南、安徽5个省及河北、山东、江苏、湖北4个省的27个地市加以推广使用。十一五规划中再次确认了生物汽，柴油作为车用石油燃料的重要性。近期出台的可再生能源专项基金，也明确了基于陈化粮的生物汽油和生物柴油将成为国家专项基金的重要
17、补贴对象。生物质能油品具有清洁环保，可再生的特点，中长期在车用燃料的替代方面，可能比煤基醇醚燃料具备更多的优势，未来将成为交通用能源的重要组成部分。但是生物质能替代车用油品发展的瓶颈在于，中国耕地面积有限，原料来源受限。目前相关的上市公司有G丰原，G北大荒，G甘化，华润生化，华冠科技，目前国内相关上市公司的盈利能力和综合利用水平较低，实现盈利需要国家的补贴。 四、能源消费格局重大转折带来投资机会 “十一五”期间将是我国能源格局产生重大转折的时期，我国能源消费新格局将会呈现多样化的格局，传统能源之间出现替代，可再生能源蓬勃发展，能源节约，高附加值利用成为趋势，我国能源结构将从以煤炭为主的对传统化
18、石能源的依赖向更加多元化，可持续，可再生的高效清洁能源消费新格局过渡。预计到2010年，可再生能源将占到我国一次能源消费的5.5%以上，而到2020年，将达到我国能源消费总量的16%。2035年到2040年，我国可再生能源的总量将占到我国一次能源总量的25%以上。 十一五期间，在现有的能源和资源边界的约束下，能源替代这一有助于解决经济实现可持续发展的瓶颈问题的产业，将会给我们带来重大投资机会以及相对丰厚的投资回报。Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanc
19、ed with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik.
20、I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized spa
21、ce race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane
22、 in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work g
23、lued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a jou
24、rnalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain
25、 when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic s
26、kydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could h
27、appen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmos
28、phere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer
29、(called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic
30、 diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver prep
31、s for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too
32、 fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successf
33、ully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute i
34、s guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one o
35、f those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) -
36、I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those eve
37、nts were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather
38、and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the
39、 chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the
40、sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into un
41、charted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of
42、our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom
43、(capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to
44、be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles
45、/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000
46、feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too ha
47、rd. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 secon
48、ds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parach
