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1、全方位解读F8重要知识点之going concern 全方位解读F8重要知识点之going concern Going concern is an important knowledge point of F8. Going concern这一知识点，涉及财务报表编制的基本理念、管理层责任和审计师责任的区别、实质性审计程序以及审计意见和审计报告。本文就going concern进行解读，希望可以帮助大家更好地理解going concern。 基本定义 Under the going concern assumption, the entity is viewed as continuing i
2、n business for the foreseeable future. 在持续经营假设下，企业被认为在可预见的将来能够商业经营存在。 这一定义，对财务报表的编制有两大重要意义： 1） The concept of going concern is an underlying assumption in the preparation of financial statements.持续经营是财务报表编制的一个基本假定。If the entity has neither the intention, nor the need, to liquidate or curtail materia
3、lly the scale of its operations,那么就应按 going concern basis 编制报表； 反之亦然： 如果企业按 going concern basis 编制报表，那么企业就是“neither the intention, nor the need, to liquidate or curtail materially the scale of its operations” 2） If management conclude that the entity has no alternative but to liquidate or curtail ma
4、terially the scale of its operations, the going concern basis cannot be used and the financial statements must be prepared on a different basis (such as the break-up basis). 相反，如果管理层认为企业不能 going concern, 那么企业就不能按going concern 编制报表，就应选择其他basis, 如 break-up basis 编制报表。(对break-up basis，在此不做详细解读) 管理层责任和审
5、计师责任 For management: 1) it is the responsibility of management to make an assessment of whether the going concern presumption is appropriate, or not, when they are preparing the financial statements. 对going concern, 管理层首要责任体现在判断评估以going concern编制报表是否恰当。 2）management will have to make judgments on va
6、rious uncertain future outcomes of events or conditions; identify factors that may have an impact on an entitys ability to continue as a going concern. 管理层要判断评估以going concern编制报表是否恰当，就要去识别判断影响going concern 的一些因素， 比如： inability to pay dividends to shareholders major losses or cash flow difficulties t
7、hat have arisen since the reporting date adverse key financial ratios indications of withdrawal of financial support from the bank or other financial institutions negative operating cash flows 这要因素要明确的一点就是： 基本都是和 cash flow 相关的；因为能不能going concern， 主要直接的影响来自于 现金流，而不是盈利能力。 3) If there are any material
8、uncertainties relating to the going concern assumption, then management must make adequate going concern disclosures in the financial statements. 如果management判断企业能going concern,但存在重大不确定性，就可以按going concern 编制报表但要对重大不确定事项充分披露。 For auditors: 1)obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the appr
9、opriateness of managements use of the going concern assumption in the preparation of the financial statements 获得关于用going concern basis 编制报表是否充分的适当证据 2)conclude whether there is a material uncertainty about the entitys ability to continue as a going concern 识别认定是否有影响going concern的重大不确定事项 3)Consider t
10、he implication for the audit report 如上证据获得后，看看其对audit opinion 和audit report 的影响 实质性审计程序 如上提到， 审计师要获得sufficient appropriate audit evidence,那么怎么获得？ -Analyse and discuss cash flow, profit and other relevant forecasts with management to ascertain the reasonableness of preparing them -Review the terms of
11、 debentures and loan agreements and determining whether any have been breached. -Read minutes of the meetings of shareholders, the board of directors for reference to financing difficulties. -Review correspondence with the bank for indication that a bank loan or overdraft may be recalled. 如上substant
12、ive procedures 是最为直接有效的，因为他们能深入企业具体事项和经营，一针见血的直指企业的cash flower problem. 其他的审计程序，如： discussions with management/directors and obtaining a written representation 也可起到补充作用。 对审计意见和审计报告的影响 可以分为四类情况处理： -use of the going concern assumption is appropriate, no material uncertainties exists Then unmodified op
13、inion, unmodified report.发表unmodified 审计意见, unmodified 的审计报告 -use of the going concern assumption is appropriate but a material uncertainty exists The auditor will consider the adequacy of the disclosures made in the financial statements by management. If the auditor considers the disclosures to be
14、adequate, then the audit report will be modified by the inclusion of an Emphasis of Matter paragraph.如果重大不确定事项披露充分，发表带有强调事项段的modified审计报告。 If the auditor concludes that the disclosures are inadequate, or if management have not made any disclosure at all and management refuse to remedy the situation,
15、 the opinion will be qualified or adverse. Then a paragraph explaining the basis for the qualified or adverse opinion will be included如果重大不确定事项未披露充分，发表qualified 或adverse 审计意见。 -use of the going concern assumption is inappropriate Then if the Fs are prepared based on other appropriate basis, like bre
16、ak-up basis, unmodified opinion and modified report; If the Fs are prepared based on going concern basis, the auditor must express an adverse opinion. An adverse opinion states that the financial statements do not present fairly (or give a true and fair view). 如果going concern basis不适当，则发表adverse 审计意
17、见。 -management unwilling to make or extend its assessment. The auditor will consider the implications for the report, either qualified opinion or disclaimer of opinion depending on whether the issues are material not pervasive or material and pervasive. There are situations that may arise when the a
18、uditor may request management to make an assessment, or extend their original assessment of going concern and management refuse to make, or extend, an assessment of going concern.当 对going concern无法获得sufficient appropriate 证据时，发表qualified opinion或disclaimer of opinion. Going concern 虽是一个小的知识点，但透过它， 我们可以串联审计知识的诸多方面。本文希望以此穿针引线，通过窥一斑而见全豹的手法，让大家在理解going concern的基础上，加强对F8 的知识体系的掌握，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
