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1、全套现代语言学分章节同步练习各种题型Chapter 1 Introduction . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on wh
2、at the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studi
3、es the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin
4、gful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meani
5、ng in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of lang
6、uage in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written lan
7、guage as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal users k_ of the rules of his langu
8、age. 22. Langue refers to the a_ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two
9、 levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_.
10、26. Human capacity for language has a g_ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications i
11、s generally known as a_ linguistics. 29. Language is p_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 30. Linguistics is generally
12、defined as the s _ study of language. . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguist
13、ic 32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic th
14、an writing, because _. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above 35. A historical study of
15、language is a _ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 36. Saussure took a(n) _ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociologicalpsychological B. psychologicalsociological C. appliedpragmatic D.semanticlinguistic 37. Acco
16、rding to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. i
17、deas 39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission 40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _, rather
18、than by instinct. A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B . Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52. Arbitrariness 53. Pr
19、oductivity 54. Displacement 55. Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance 59. Langue 60. Parole . Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used
20、 for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail. 62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study? 65. Why
21、does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? 66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? 67. How do you understand competence and performance? 68. Saussures distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distinction betwe
22、en competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences? 69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Chapter 2 Phonology . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Ch
23、inese and English. 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 5. In linguistic evol
24、ution, speech is prior to writing. 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine call
25、ed spectrograph. 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulatio
26、n and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in t
27、he mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 15. Phones are the
28、sounds that can distinguish meaning. 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. 17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. 18. When two different forms are id
29、entical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. 19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. 20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a seque
30、nce of two or more phonemic segments. . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. A_ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 22. A_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and h
31、ow they differ. 23. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_ sounds. 24. Of all the speech organs, the t_ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner
32、of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation. 26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_. 27. S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the
33、level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s_ rules. 29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbo
34、ls together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription. 30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_. 31. P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are com
35、bined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. 32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_ cavity and the nasal cavity. 33. T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of t
36、he vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_ stress. . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 35 Of al
37、l the speech organs, the _ is/are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal 37. _ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D. /b/ 38. The assimilation rule
38、 assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _. A. i
39、n phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair 40. The sound /f/ is _. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative 41. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue m
40、aintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle 42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. su
41、prasegmental features D. semantic features 43. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme 44The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are c
42、alled the _ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones . Define the terms below: 45. phonology 46. phoneme 47. allophone 48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. min
43、imal pair . Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing? 58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels? 59. What are the major d
44、ifferences between phonology and phonetics? 60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. 61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not? Chapter 3 Morphology . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Morphology studie
45、s the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. 3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. 4. The smallest meaningful units that can b
46、e used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. 5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. 6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. 7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be a
47、dded is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. 8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. 9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. 10. Phoneti
