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1、公正该如何做才好？公正：该如何做才好？ 第一课 这是一门关于什么公正的课程。我们先讲一个故事 This is a course about justice. We begin with a story. 设想你是一位电车司机 Suppose youre the driver of a trolley car 你的电车正已每小时60英里行驶 Your trolley car is hurtling down the track at 60 Mph. 你发现，在车轨的尽头有5位工人在那里干活 At the end of the track, you notice five workers are
2、working on the track. 你想尽办法停下来，但已经停不住了 You try to stop, but you cant 你的手刹不灵了 your brakes dont work 你感到十分绝望，因为你知道 You feel desperate, because you know 如果你撞向这5位工人 if you crash into these five workers 他们必死无疑 they will all die 你很快会就知道 but to soon you know thats for sure 你不知道该怎么办好 so you feel helpless 直到
3、你发现 until you notice, there is 在电轨的尽头，刚好有一条分叉 off to the right, a side track 在电轨的尽头，刚好有一条分叉 at the end of that track 而在那条分叉路上，只有1位工人 Theres a worker working on the track 你的方向盘还没有失灵 your steering wheel works 所以你可以选择把电车拐向那条分叉路 so you can turn the trolley car, if you want to, onto the side track 撞向1位工人
4、，但救活了另外那5位 killing the one, but sparing the five 现在我要问第一个问题 Heres our first question? 什么是我们应该什么做？ whats the right thing to do 你会怎么做？ what would you do? 让我们来做一次投票 Lets take a poll 多少人会选择转入拐向那条分叉路 How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track 举起你的手 Raise your hands 有多少人选择一直往前开的？ How many wou
5、ldnt? How many would go straight ahead 极少数人会。绝大部份选择了变方向 A handful of people would. A vast majority would turn 让我们先听听。现在我们需要研究你这样做的原因 Lets hear first. Now we need to begin to investigate the reasons why you think 让我们先听听占多数的人 is the right thing to do. Lets begin with those in the majority 有谁选择转向一边岔道的？
6、 Who would turn to go onto the side track 为什么你会这么做？你的原因是什么？ Why would you do it? Would would be your reason? 谁愿意说说你的想法？ Who is willing to volunteer a reason? 如果你可以只撞死一人，那么撞死5人肯定是不对的 Because it cannt be right to kill five people when you could only kill one person instead 如果你可以只撞死一人，那么撞死5人肯定是不对的 it w
7、ouldnt be right to kill five if you could only kill one person instead 这是一个很好的理由 Thats a good reason 还有谁？是否有人同意这个想法，原因是什么？ Who else? Does anybody agree with that reason? 我认为这和 9/11日事件是同样的道理 I think its the same reason on the 9/11 我们把那些，把飞机撞向宾夕法尼亚州空地的人，视作英雄 we regard the people who flew the plane int
8、o Pennsylvania field as heros 因为他们选择了牺牲飞机上的人，而不是撞向有人的大厦 because they chose to kill the people on the plane, and not kill more people in the building 因此，原则是相同的，虽然都是发生在悲剧的情况下 So the principle there is the same as 9/11 to tragic circumstance 为了5个人能活下来，牺牲一个人 也是值得的 Better to kill one so that five can liv
9、e 占多数人的你们，也是这样吗想吗？ Is that the reason most of you have those will turn? 现在让我们来听听 那些少数分子 Lets hear now from those in the minority, those wouldnt turn 我认为这跟种族灭族主义、极权主义，是同一个手法 I think thats the same type of mentality that justify genocide and totalitarianism 为了救活一个种族，你就能杀害其他人 in order to save one type
10、of race, you wipe out the other 那么，在这种情况下你会怎么办？ So what would you do in this case? 为了避免 作出像种族灭绝一样的做法 To avoid the horror of genocide 你就宁愿撞向那5个工人 you would crash into the five and kill them 理论上是这样 Presumedly yes 好的。还有谁？这是一个大胆的想法。谢谢您 Ok. Who else? Thats a brave answer. Thank you 让我们考虑另外一种情况 Lets consi
11、der another trolley car case 看看你们这些占多数的 and see whether those of you in the majority 为什么在这种情况下，你的原则是牺牲一人来救活5人 why would here to the principle, better one should die so that five should live 现在，你不是电车司机，你只是一个旁观者 This time youre not the driver of the trolley car, youre an onlooker 你站在桥上，俯瞰电车的电轨 Youre s
12、tanding on a bridge, overlooking a trolley car track 沿着这个轨道，在尽头有5名工人 down the track come the trolley car. At the end of the track are five workers. 电车的手刹照样不灵了 the brakes dont work 电车快要撞向那5个工人 the trolley car is about to careen into the five and kill them 现在你不是司机 and now youre not the driver 你真的感到无助
13、you really feel helpless 突然，你看见 站在你旁边 until you notice standing next to you 桥上还是一个非常胖的人 leaning over the bridge is a very fat man 你可以推他一把 and you could give him a shove 他会掉到轨道上 he would fall over the bridge onto the track 刚好能停住那辆电车 right in the way of the trolley car 他会死去，但他能救活其他5个人 he would die but
14、 he would spare the five 现在，有多少人会推那个胖子。举起你的手 now how many would push the fat man over the bridge. Raise your hands 有多少不会这么做？大部分人都不会 How many wouldnt? Most people wouldnt 问题显而易见 Heres the obvious question 你每次的选择，原则是什么？ What became of the principle? 牺牲一个，救活更多人 Better to save five lives even if it mean
15、s to sacrifice one 在第一种情况几乎每个人都赞同，原因何在？ What became of the principle that almost everyone endorse in the first case 我要听听，在两种情况下都是站在大多数的人一边的人 I need to hear from someone whos in the majority in both cases 你如何解释二者之间的区别 How do you explain the differences between the two 在第二种情况下，我认为涉及 选择的问题 The second o
16、ne I guess involves an act of choice of pushing the person down 那个胖子原本不牵涉到这宗事故里 That person himself would otherwise not have been involved in the situation at at all 我觉得，第二种情况比第一种情况 To choose on his behalf, I guess, involve him in something that 那个胖子可以选择置身其外 he otherwise would escape, I guess, is mo
17、re than in what you have in the first case 但在第一种情况，司机，两边的工人的已经牵涉到里面 where the three parties, the driver, the two sets of workers are already in the situation 但是，那个在岔道上的家伙 But the guy working on the track off the side 他不会比那个胖子，更想牺牲自己吧？ he didnt choose to sacrifice his life any more than the fat man d
18、id, did he? 这是事实。但他在岔道上 Thats true. But hes on the track 胖子也是在桥上啊 This guy is on the bridge 你可以继续，也可以待会儿再说 Go ahead. You can come back if you want. 好的。这是个难题。你已经做得很好了 All right. Its a hard question. You did very well 还有谁可以找到能调和的前后两种不同做法的？ Who else can find a way of reconciling the reaction in the maj
19、ority in these two cases 我想在第一种情况，我们必须在牺牲那1个工人或另外5个之间的选择 I guess, in the first case we have the one worker and the five 我们必须作出的选择 Its choice between those two. And youve to make certain choice 那些工人是死于那驾电车，而不是你的直接行为 people are gonna die because of the trolley car, not necessarily because of your dire
20、ct action 电车失控了，然后你才闭着你选择 the trolley car is run away and then youre making a split second choice 而推胖子的话，是你自愿的选择 whereas pushing the fat man over is an actualized murder on your part 你有能力选择推还是不推，但你没办法控制的电车不撞向大家 youve control over that whereas you may not control over the trolley car 所以我认为两者略有不同 so I
21、 think its slightly different situation 好的。谁想回应他的想法？这很好。 All right. Who has a reply? Thats good. 谁想回应？是否有更好的解释？ Who want to reply? Is there a way out of this? 我不认为这是一个很好的理由 I dont think thats a very good reason 在这两种情况下，你都是选择杀人 In either way youve to choose you die 因为前者你选择拐向那个岔道上的工人，这是你有意识的行为 because
22、 you either choose to turn and kill a person which is an act of conscious thought to turn 后者，你去推胖子也是一种有意的行为 or you choose to push the fat man over which is also an act of conscious action 所以不管怎样，都是有意的行为 so either way youre making a choice 你想回应？ Do you want to reply? 我不是肯定，事实就是这样 Im not really sure t
23、hats the case 这看来是不同的 Its just seem kind of different to act actually 推胖子到电轨上，他会死 pushing someone over on the track and killing him 你是在杀死他 youre actually killing him yourself 你是在亲手杀死他 youre pushing him in your own hands 这有别于把电车转向，然后再撞死其他人 Thats different from steering something thats gonna to cause
24、death into other 这好像听起来不对，是吧？ It dosent really sound right. 这很好。你叫什么名字？ Thats good. Whats your name? Andrew 让我问你一个问题，Andrew Let me ask you this quesiton, Andrew 假设在桥上，我不用推那个胖子 Suppose standing on the bridge next to the fat man I didnt have to push him 假设他是站在了一个陷阱上，我可以像转方向盘那样打开那个陷阱 suppose he was sta
25、nding over a trap that I could open by turning a steering wheel like that 不知道为什么，这样做似乎跟不对 So some reasons, that just seems more wrong 我的意思是，也许你不小心推动了那个陷阱的方向盘 I mean maybe if you accidentally like lean into this steering wheel 或者是其他原因，就发生了 theres something like that 又或者，电车阴差阳错地就拐向那条岔道了 or say that th
26、e car isnt hurtling towards a switch or drop the track 我可能就认同了 that I could I agree with that 好的。在第一种情况是正确的做法，在第二种情况就变成不对的了 Fair enough. Its still seem wrong in a way it doesnt seem wrong in the first case to turn 而且，在第一种情况下，你直接牵涉到事故 In another way, in the first situation youre involved directly wit
27、h the situation 在第二个，你是一个旁观者也。 In the second one, youre an onlooker as well. 所以你可以有选择卷入或不去推胖子 So you can have the choice of becoming involved or not by pushing the fat man 让我们暂时搁下这个故事 Lets just forget a moment about this case 让我们想象另外一个的情形 Lets imagine a different case 这时候，你是急诊室的医生，6位病人来找你 This time
28、youre a doctor in a emergency room. Six patients come to you 他们刚刚经历了一场电车交通事故 Theyve been in a terrible trolley car wrack 其中5人中度受伤，1人重伤 Five of them were moderately injured and one was severely injured 你可以花一整天来照顾那位重伤病人 You could spend all day caring for the one severely injured victim 但这样的话，其他5个会死去 b
29、ut in that time the five would die 或者你可以先照顾好那5位，再来看那位重伤病人 or you could look after the five restore then to help 但那位重伤病人也会死去 but during that time the severely injured person would die 现在你是医生，有多少人选择先就那5个病人？ How many would save the five? Now is the doctor 又有多少人选择先救那位重伤者 How many would save the one? 极少数
30、人。只有极少数人 Very few people. Just a handful of people 我假设你们的原因跟之前的一样。1条生命对5条 Same reason I assume. One life versus five 现在考虑一种情形。这一次你是外科医生。 Now consider another doctor case. This time youre a transplant surgeon. 你有5名患者。每一个迫切需要 Youve five patients. Each in desperate need 器官移植 of an organ transplant in o
31、rder to survive 其中需要心脏，一个需要肺，一个要肾脏，另一个要肝脏 One needs a heart. One a lung, one a kidney, one a liver 第五个人要胰腺 and the fifth a pancreas 但现在没有可移植的器官。你即将看着他们死去 Youve no organ donors. Youre about to see them die 你突然发现，在你的隔壁病房 and then it occurs to you that in the next room 有一个健康的家伙，来检查身体 theres a healthy g
32、uy who came in for a check up 他正在打瞌睡 Hes taking a nap 你可以很安静地走进去， You could go in very quietly, 把那个家伙的5个器官取出来，当然他会死去 yank out the five organs that person would die 但是你可以救活另外那5位病人 but you could save the five 你们有多少人愿意这样做？ How many of you would do it? 还有其他人吗？ Anyone? 把你的手举高 How many? Put your hands up
33、if youd do it 还有没有人，包括在二楼的 Anyone in the balcony. 我会 I would. 小心，不要摔下来哦 Be careful. Dont lean over 有多少人不会这样做？ How many wouldnt? 好的。你是怎么想的，刚才那位在二楼的同学 All right. What do you say? Speak up in the balcony 我其实是想着有没有其他可能的替代做法 I actually like to explore an slightly alternative possibility 先把那5个病人中最先会死去的人，把
34、他的器官捐出来 that just taking the one of the five who need an organ who dies first using 这样，他健康的器官可以救活其他4位 therefore the healthy organ save the other four 这是一个不错的主意 Thats a pretty good idea 可惜，您避开了我们要讨论的哲学观点 except for the fact that you just wrecked the philisophical point 让我们回过头来看这些故事，这些争论 Lets step bac
35、k from these stories and these arguments 要注意的方式几点 To notice a couple of things about the way 注意我们的争论是围绕那几点展开的 the arguments have begun to unfold 我们的讨论已经涉及到了一些道德的原则 certain moral principles have already begun to emerge 我们的讨论已经涉及到了一些道德的原则 from the discussion we had 让我们回顾一下，有哪些道德原则 Lets consider what t
36、hose moral principles look like 第一道德原则是， The first moral principle that emerged in the discussion said 正确的做法，符合道德的事 the right thing to do, the moral thing to do 取决于我们行为的后果 depends on the consequences that we resolve from your action 如果在最后，能救活5个，哪怕是牺牲一个也是值得的 At the end of the day, better the five sho
37、uld live even if one must die 这是关注以结果为中心一派，一个很好的例子 Thats an example of consequentialist moral reasoning 结果主义的道德推理取决于道德行为的后果 Consequentialist moral reasoning locates morality in the consequences of an act 它取决于我们最后的结果 in the state of the rule that we resolve from the thing you do 但接着，我们考虑了另外一种情况 But t
38、hen we ran a littlt further, we consider those other cases 在这种情况，人们对结果主义的道德推理原则就不那么坚定了 and people wouldnt so sure about consequentialist moral reasoning 我们在犹豫，例如对于那个站在桥上的胖子 when people hesitate, e.g. the fat man over the bridge 或者是去去掉那位无辜病人的器官 or to yank out the organs of the innocent patient 人们在思考什
39、么是应该做的时候 people gestured toward reasons 会考虑到那个行为的本身 having to with the intrinsic quality of the act itself 而不只是行为的后果 consequence be with they made 人们改变了原意 People were reluctant. 人们觉得这样做是不对的，行为本身是错误的 People thought its just wrong, categorically wrong 即使是为了拯救更多的生命，杀害无辜的人是不对的 To kill an innocent person
40、, even for the sake of saving five lives 人们认为，在第二种情况下是不对的 at least people thought that in a second version of each story we consider 这是另外一种道德推理的原则 So this point to a secend categorical way of thinking about moral reasoning 绝对主义的道德推理认为，道德有其绝对的道德原则 Categorical moral reasoning locates morality in certa
41、in absolute moral requirements 有明确的职责，明确的权利，不论后果是怎样 certain categorical duties and rights, regardless the consequences 我们会在今天和未来几周来讨论 Were gonna to explore in the day and next weeks to come 讨论结果主义和绝对主义的异同 the contrast between Consequentialist and Categorical moral principles 结果主义道德推理最有名的一个例子 the mos
42、t influential example of consequential moral reasoning 是功利主义，由 边沁 提出 is Utilitarianism, a doctrine invented by Jeremy Bentham， 他是18世纪英国的一位政治哲学家 the 18th century English political philosopher 而最重要的一位绝对主义的哲学家 The most important philosopher of categorically moral reasoning 是18世纪德国哲学家 康德 is the 18th cen
43、tury German philosopher Immanuel Kant 因此，我们来看看这两个不同的道德推理模式 So well look at those two different modes of moral reasoning 评价它们，也考虑其他替代的理论 assess them and also consider others 从教学大纲，你会发现我们将会读一些非常著名的书 If you look at the syllabus, youll notice we read a number of great and famous books 亚里士多德的，洛克，康德，约翰密尔等
44、人 books by Aristotle,John Locke,Immanuel Kant,John Stuart Mill and others 从教学大纲中，你会看到，我们不只是读这些书 youll notice too from the syllabus we dont only read these books 我们还讨论当代的政治和法律争议 we also take up contemporary political and legal controversy 讨论它们背后的哲学问题 that raise philosophical questions 我们将辩论 何为平等和不平等
45、well debate equality and inequality 平权行动，言论自由，攻击性言论 affirmative action, free speech vs hate speech 同性婚姻，征兵 same sex marriage, military conscription 一系列实际问题 a range of practical question 为什么？ 因为我们不仅要真实地感受这样抽象、遥远的书籍 Why? Not just to enlive these abstract and distant books 还要认真地讨论 我们日常生活中 一些的议题 but mak
46、e clear to bring out whats at stake in our daily life 包括我们的政治生活， including our political lives, for philosophy? 所以我们读这些书，我们将讨论这些问题 so well read these books and well debate these issues 我们将看到，它们之间的联系 and well see how each informs and illuminates the others 这听起来很吸引人 This may sound appealing enough 但在这
47、里，我要提醒大家 but here Ive to issue a warning 我的提醒是 The warning is this: 阅读这些书 To read these books in this way 作为认识自我的一种训练 as an excise in self knowledge 阅读这些书会有冒险 To read them in this way carries certain risks 个人的，政治上的冒险 Risks that are both personal and political 每一个学政治哲学的学生都知道的风险 Risks that every student of political philosophy has known 这些风险的根源于一个事实 These risks spring from the fact that 哲学会教化我们，扰动让我们 philosophy teaches us and unsettles us 面对在我们已经知道我们
