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1、初中英语动词不定式初中英语动词不定式 动词不定式是初中英语的语法重点之一，也是每年中考英语试题的考点之一。它是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为to+动词原形，to为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两大特点： 1.具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动词不定式短语。 2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等。下面以近几年全国部分省市的中考英语试题为例，对不定式的难点以及它在中考英语中的考查点，作一简要的总结和分析，供同学们学习时参考。 一、动词不定式作主语 1.
2、Its our duty _ the room every day. A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans(甘肃省) 2. Its hard for us _ English well. A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning(江西省) 3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。 It will _ the workers over a year _ _ the flyover.(北京市海淀区) 4. Its very nice _ you to get me two tickets _ the Wo
3、rld Cup. A. for， of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to(安徽省) Keys： 1. A 2. C 3. take， to， build 4. B 简析动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。常见的句式有：(1)It is +形容词(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +名词(for sb)to do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is +形容词(for sb)to do sth.句式(1)中常用
4、nice， kind， clever， good， right， wrong， foolish， careless等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质;句式(4)中常用hard， difficult， easy， important等形容词，与介词for搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。 二、动词不定式作宾语 1. He wants _ some vegetables. A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys (山西省) 2. Dont forget _ your homework with you when you come
5、 to school. A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking (福建省) 3. He found it very difficult _. A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep (湖南省) Keys： 1. C 2. A 3. D 简析在want， like， agree， hope， wish， learn， begin， start， seem， decide， hate， choose， forget， remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则
6、可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。 三、动词不定式作宾语补足语 1. Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before. A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with (江苏省) 2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food. A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肃省)
7、Key： 1. B 2. C 简析不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask， teach， expect， tell， allow等。 四、动词不定式作状语 1. She went _ her teacher. A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing (江西省) 2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best _ English well. A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns (四川省) Key： 1. A 2. C 简析go
8、， come， try， do / try ones best等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。 3. Im sorry _ that. A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear (河北省) 4. Im sorry _ you. A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled (吉林省) 5. My mother was very glad _ her old friend. A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets (甘肃省) Keys： 3. D 4.
9、 B 5. A 简析be +形容词+ to do sth结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。 6. The panda is so fat that it cant go through the hole.(改为意思相同的句子) The hole _ _ _ _ such a fat panda to go through. (广东省) 7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldnt skate on it. (改为意思相同的句子) The ice on the lake wasnt _ enough _ people _ _
10、_. (广东省) Keys： 6. is， too， small， for 7. thick， for， to， skate， on 简析在上述too +形容词/副词(for sb)to do(太而不能)和enough (for sb) to do(足以、足够做)结构中，不定式作结果状语。 五、动词不定式作定语 1. Would you like something _? A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks (湖北省) 2. I have a lot of homework _. A. do B. doing C. did D. to do (
11、河南省) 3. He is not an easy man _. A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (山东省) Key： 1. C 2. D 3. D 简析不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系;如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。 六、不带to的动词不定式 1. We saw him _ the building and go upstairs. A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. e
12、ntered (河南省) 2. So much work usually makes them _ very tired. A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel (吉林省) 3. Your father is sleeping. Youd better _. A. not wake up him B. not to wake up him C. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (陕西省) 4. I was made _ my homework in the afternoon. A. do B. doing C
13、. to do D. did (贵州省) Key： 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 简析1.在see， watch， hear， feel等感官动词和make， have， let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to.但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被动语态)。2.在had better后面接不带to的不定式。 七、动词不定式的否定形式 1. Mr Black asked the man _ the queue. A. not to jump B. to not jump C. didnt jump D. not jump (广西壮族自治区) 2. Th
14、e old man told the child _ noisy. A. not be B. not to be C. to not be D. be not (湖北省) 3. There is going to _ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try _ late. A. have， not to be B. have， not be C. be， not to be D. be， not be (内蒙古自治区) Key： 1. A 2. B 3. C 简析动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上not，如果是不带to的不定式就直接
15、在动词原形前面加上not. 八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词-ing形式的区别 1. Please stop _ a rest if you feel tired. A. to have B. having C. have D. has (广西壮族自治区) 2. Why didnt you buy some bread on your way home? Sorry, I forgot _ some money with me. A. take B. taking C. to take D. took (湖北省) 3. Lets have a rest, shall we? Not now,
16、I cant stop _ the letters. A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write (湖北省) 4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop _ (walk). (用所给单词的正确形式填空)(四川省) Key： 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking 简析一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的-ing形式的区别如下：stop to do sth意为停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事，stop doing sth意为停止正在做的事：remember to do sth意为记住去做某事(事还未做)
17、，remember doing sth意为记得做过某事(事已做)：go on to do sth意为接着做某事(做完一事，接着做另一事)，go on doing sth意为继续做某事(一事未做完接着往下做)：forget to do sth意为忘了做某事(事还未做)，forget doing sth意为忘了曾做过某事(事已做)。 5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane _ over my head. A. flies B. flying C. flew D. to fly (福建省) 6. A woman saw it _ when
18、she was walking past. A. happen B. happens C. happening D. to happen (黑龙江省) Key： 5. B 6. A 简析在see， hear， watch， feel等感官动词后面可接不带to的不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程(动作已结束)，用动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行(动作尚未结束)。 九、动词不定式的省略及其符号to的保留 1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us? Yes, _. What time are we going t
19、o meet? A. I would B. I would like C. I like to D. Id like to (浙江省) 2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us? _. What time are we going to meet? A. No, I cant B. Yes, Im glad C. Yes, Id love to D. Id like (大连市) Keys： 1. D 2. C 简析在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，第二个动词不定式可以省略，但是to不可省略。这种用法常见于be glad
20、to，would like (love) to，have to等结构中。 十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式 The new hospital _ is near the factory. A. build B. builds C. to build D. to be built (青海省) Key： D 简析当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者(宾语)时，用动词不定式的被动式，即：to be +过去分词;如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即：to have +过去分词;如果不定式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行式，即：to be
21、 +现在分词 初中英语动词不定式 动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。有些动词不定式不带to，动词不定式可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。不定式保留动词的某些特性，可以有自己的宾语、状语等。动词不定式和它后面的宾语、状语等一起构成短语，叫作不定式短语。现对九年级动词不定式的用法作一次简要梳理。 一、用作主语 直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多，多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时。动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首，复合不定式结构作主语常置于句末。
22、如： 1.As young adults, it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge. (p.8) 2.The head teacher said it was necessary to talk with his mother. (p.16) 3.How to make requests politely is important.(p.93) 二、用作表语 动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征。如： 1.The best way to improve your English is to join an
23、English club. (p.7) 2.The first thing is to greet the teacher. (p.96) 三、用作宾语 1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：要求选择同意(ask, choose, agree)，期望决定学习(expect, hope, decide, learn)，宁可假装知道(prefer, pretend, know)，希望想要愿意(wish, want, would like / love)。如： 1)We decided to talk to some students about why they go there. (p
24、.88) 2)He prefers to eat white bread and rice.(p.50) 3)Id love to visit Mexico.(p.53) 2.动词decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell.，介词结构on.可用疑问词带to的不定式短语作宾语，但why后面的不定式不带to。如： 1)Could you please tell me where to park my car?(p.92) 2)It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations. (p.32)
25、3.动词feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语动词不定式，句子结构是.feel / find / make / . it+adj. / n.+to do.。如： I find it difficult to remember everything. (p.98) 4.既可接动词不定式又可接ving形式作宾语，意思差别不太大的动词有begin, start, like, love等。一般说来，动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程，ving形式表习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格，特别是美国英语，即使是习惯性的动作也可以用
26、动词不定式。如： 1)Then I started to watch English-language TV.(p.6) 2)Im beginning to understand my Chinese roots, and who I am. (p.116) begin用了进行时态，后面只接不定式作宾语，表示事情刚开始，还要继续下去。 3)I like to eat vegetables. (p.118) 感知动词like, love, know等一般不用进行时态。 5.后接动词不定式或ving形式作宾语，意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语，表动作尚未发生
27、；后接ving形式作宾语，表动作已经发生。stop to do停下来做另外一件事，to do是目的状语；stop doing停止做、不做当前这件事，doing是宾语。try to do尽力做，try doing试试看；go on to do接着做另外的事，go on doing继续做原来的事。如： 1)When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.(p.107) 2)I stopped using them last year. (p.121) 四、用作定语 1.句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语，不定式与其所修饰的名词、代词等
28、存在逻辑的动宾关系时，用动词不定式的主动式。如： 1)I have so many chores to do today.(p.112) 2)I cant think of any good advice to give her. (p.31) 3)Basketball has also become a more popular sport for people to watch.(p.75) 2.动词不定式所修饰的名词是place, time, way等时，不定式与这些名词呈现出动状关系或同位关系。如：1)He needs time to do homework.(p.19) 2)Is t
29、hat a good place to hang out？(p.88) 3)You want to know the best way to get around the city.(p.127) 3.在“there be.”句型里，句子的主语是动词不定式动作的对象，常用主动式。如： 1)Theres just so much to see and do here.(p.49) 2). but there are still many things to do there.(p.54) 五、用作补语 动词不定式作补语时，在主动语态句里补宾语，在被动语态句里补主语，句子的宾语或主语是不定式动作的
30、逻辑执行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的宾语或主语就是逻辑承受者。 1.在主、被动语态句里用带to的动词不定式作补语的动词主要有：要求允许提议(ask, allow, permit, advise)，期望邀请鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want)，等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如： 1)Id invite her to have dinner at my house.(p.29) 2)Teenagers should be allowed
31、to choose their own clothes. (p.18) 3)Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones.(p.101) 2.动词不定式作补语，在主动语态句里不带to，被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“让”：have, let, make，二“听”：hear, listen to，一“感觉”：feel，一“注意”：notice。如： 1)This picture makes me feel tense！(p.106) 2)Of
32、 course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.(p.24) 3.help后接动词不定式作补语，to可带可不带。一般说来，带to表间接帮助，不带to表直接帮助。在被动语态句里，或者用不定式的否定式作补语时要带to。如： 1). they can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.(p.106) 2)Using email English helps you write quickly. (p.100) 4.
33、be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接带to的动词不定式作主语的补语。如： 1)He doesnt seem to have many friends.(p.19) 2)Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.(p.114) 六、用作状语 1.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如： 1)In order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learni
34、ng grammar or vocabulary.(p.93) 2)A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question. (p.50) to do / in order to do / so as to do用作目的状语，置句末时都可以用，置句首时只用to do / in order to do。so as to do一般不置于句首，可以引导结果状语从句，in order to do不引导结果状语从句。 2.原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”结构句中。如
35、： 1)My dogs name is “Lucky”a good name for him because I feel very lucky to have him.(p.66) 2)On Monday he told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy old bikes. (p.64) 3.结果状语，多见于“too.to”，“enough to.”结构句中。如： 1)Then Im too tired to do well. What should I do?(p.28) 2)The room needs to
36、 be big enough for three people to live in.(p.56) 4.有些动词不定式作状语，常说明前面形容词的性质和特性。动词不定式与句子的主语有逻辑的动宾关系。动词不定式前面的形容词一般是：cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, fun, hard, interesting, necessary。不定式常用主动式表被动意义。 . the mistakes you made are necessary for you to learn and understand.(p.116) 这类句子中的动词不定式可改为主语。 5.独立动词不
37、定式多用作插入语，表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。如： 1)Id like to stay healthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.(p.50) 2)To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldnt understand every word. (p.6) 七、动词不定式的复合结构 动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复
38、合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。如： 1.Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to
39、 study in groups during the evening. (p.22) 2.Zoos are terrible places for animals to live.(p.120) 八、带疑问词的不定式短语 动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。如： 1.用作句子的成分。 1)I dont know what to try next. (p.49)(作宾语) 2)Where to go is n
40、ot decided yet.(作主语) 2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。 1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?) 2)Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?) 九、动词不定式的否定式 不定式的否定式是not / never to do.，不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do.如： 1.Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other.(p.8) 2.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking.
