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1、国际语言学练习Sociolinguistics I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. 1. Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts. 2. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers. 3. Language
2、 use varies from one speech community to another， from one regional group to another， from one social group to another， and even from one individual to another. 4. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and i
3、n different social situations. 5. The linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership. 6.From the sociolinguistic perspective， the term “speech variety” can not be used to refer to standard language， vernacular language， dialect or pidgin
4、. 7. Functional speech varieties are known as regional dialects. 8. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary. 9. Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language. 10. A persons social backgrounds do not exert a
5、 shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features. 11. Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way. 12.Every speaker of a language is， in a stricter sense， a speaker of a distinct idiolect. 13. The standard language is a better language than nonst
6、andard languages. 14. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds. 15. Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages. 16.A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher， or dominant， lan
7、guage in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax. 17. The major difference between a pidgin and a creole is that the former usually has its native speakers while the latter doesnt. 18. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing. 19. The kind of name
8、or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual. 20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting. 1 II. Fill in e
9、ach of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given. 21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c_. 22. Speech v_ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. 23.From the sociolinguistic perspective， a speech va
10、riety is no more than a d_ variety of a language. 24. Language standardization is also called language p_. 25.Social variation gives rise to s_ which are sub-divisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic， educational， occupational background， etc. 26. S_ variation in a pe
11、rsons speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation. 27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or o_ language of a country. 28.The standard language is a s_， socially
12、 prestigious dialect of language. 29.Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard， or v_ languages. 30. A pidgin typically lacks in i_ morphemes. 31. Linguistic taboo reflects s_ taboo. 32.The avoidance of using taboo language mirrors social attitudes， emotions and value judgmen
13、ts and has no l_ basis. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 33. _ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities. A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics C. Hist
14、orical linguistics 34. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _. A. use of words C. accent A. Regional variation C. Social variation A. Geographical barriers B. Loyalty to and confidence in ones native speech C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to ch
15、ange D. Social barriers 2 D. General linguistics B. use of structures D. morphemes B. Language variation D. Register variation 35. _ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from. 36. _ are the major source of regional variation of language. 37. _ means that certain
16、 authorities， such as the government choose， a particular speech variety， standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries. A. Language interference C. Language planning D. Language transfer B. Language changes 38. _ in a persons speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from
17、 casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation. A. Regional variation C. Variation in connotations 39. A _ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds. A. lingua franca C. Creo
18、le B. register D. national language B. Changes in emotions D. Stylistic variation 40. Although _ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features， they are rule-governed， like any human language. A. vernacular languages B. creoles C. pidgins D. sociolects 41. In normal situations， _ speake
19、rs tend to use more prestigious forms than their _ counterparts with the same social background. A. female； male C. old； young B. male； female D. young； old 42. A linguistic _ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use. A. slang C. jargon IV. Define the
20、following terms. 43. Sociolinguistics： Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts. 44. Speech community： The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community or a speech community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a par
21、ticular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must， in some reasonable way， interact lin-guistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties， as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms
22、. 3 B. euphemism D. taboo 45. Speech variety： Speech variety， also known as language variety， refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical， phonological， morphological， syntactic， or a combinat
23、ion of linguistic features. 46. Language planning： Language standardization is known as language planning. This means that certain authorities， such as the government or government agency of a country， choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it， including its pronunciation and spell
24、ing systems， across regional boundaries. 47. Idiolect： An idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional， social， and stylistic variation， in one form or another. In a narrower sense， what makes up ones idiolect includes also such
25、 factors as voice quality， pitch and speech rhythm， which all contribute to the identifying features in an individuals speech. 48. Standard language： The standard language is a superposed， socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary syste
26、m， used by the mass media， and taught in educational institutions， including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. 49. Nonstandard language： Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard languages. 50. Lingua franca： A lingua franca is a va
27、riety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds. 51. Pidgin： A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication. 52. Creole： A Creole language is originally a
28、 pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. 53. Diglossia： Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community， each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain
29、 situations. 54. Bilingualism： Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers， such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. 55. Ethnic dialect： Within a society， speech variation may come about b
30、ecause of different ethnic backgrounds. An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language， often cutting across regional differences. An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or seg
31、regation. 56. Sociolect： Social dialects， or sociolects， are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes. 4 57. Register： Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations， in contrast to language varieties that are associa
32、ted with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. Format reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 58. Slang： Slang is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but non-standard vocabulary， typically of arbitrary， flashy and often ephemeral coinages and fi
33、gures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness. 59. Taboo： Taboo， or rather linguistic taboo， denotes any prohibition by the polite society on the use of particular lexical items to refer to objects or acts. 60. Euphemism： A euphemism， then， is a mild， indirect or less offens
34、ive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh， unpleasantly direct， or offensive. V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary. 61. Discuss with examples that the speech of women
35、 may differ from the speech of men. In normal situations， female speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their male counterparts with the same general social background. For example， standard English forms such as I did it and he isnt can be found more often in the speech of females， while
36、the more colloquial I done it and he aint occur more frequently in the speech of males. Another feature often associated with so-called womens language is politeness. Usually， tough and rough speeches have connotations of masculinity and are not considered to be desirable feminine qualities. In gene
37、ral， mens language is more straightforward， less polite， and more direct， and womens language is more indirect， less blunt， and more circumlocutory. This phenomenon of sex-preferential differentiation is also reflected in the relative frequency with which males and females use the same lexical items
38、. For example， certain words that are closely associated with women may sound typically feminine as a result of that association. For example， some English adjectives like lovely， nice， darling and cute occur more often in female speeches and therefore cause feminine association. Females have also b
39、een shown to possess a greater variety of specific color terms than males， in spite of the fact that men do not necessarily possess less acute color perception than women. On the other hand， males have the reputation of possessing a larger vocabulary in traditionally male-dominated domains such as s
40、ports， hunting and the military. A request in English such as Close the door when you leave can be phrased in a number of ways ranging from a harsh command to a very polite request： a. Close the door when you leave. b. Please close the door when you leave. c. Would you please close the door when you
41、 leave？ d. Could you close the door when you leave？ 5 Although the above options are all available to both men and women， it is usually the more polite forms that are selected by female speakers. In general， females are found to use more questions than declarative statements in comparison with males
42、. 62. Discuss with examples some of the linguistic differences between Standard English and Black English. One of the most prominent phonological characteristics of Black English is the frequent simplification of consonant clusters at the end of words when one of the two consonants is an alveolar /t
43、/， /d/， /s/， or /z/. The application of this simplification rule may delete the past-tense morpheme， so past and passed are both pronounced like pass. Another salient characteristic of Black English phonological system concerns the deletion of some word-final stop consonants in words like side and b
44、orrowed. Speakers of Black English frequently delete these word-final stops， pronouncing “side” like “sigh” and “borrowed” like “borrow.” One prominent syntactic feature is the frequent absence of various forms of the copula be in Black English， which are required of Standard English. Compare the fo
45、llowing expressions in Black English and Standard English： Black English Standard English They mine. They re mine. You crazy. You re crazy. Another distinctive syntactic feature of Black English is the systematic use of die expression it is where Standard English uses there is in the sense of “there exists”： Is it a Mr. Johnson in this office？ Another aspect of Black English is the use of double negation constructions. Whenever the verb is negated， the indefinite pronouns some
