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1、复数的变化1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下: 在单数名词词尾加s。如:map maps,boy boys,horse horses, table tables. s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches. 注:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photophotos, pianopianos. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties. 以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再
2、加es。如:shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives. 2、不规则变化:manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 1 15 构成法:
3、一个名词如果表示一个或一样东西,它取单数形式,如pen,dog,tree,fact,church,kiss.如果表示两个或更多这类东西,则需用名词的复数形式,如pens,dogs,trees,facts,churches,kisses.构成名词复数,大多数是在单数形式后加-s或-es,有下面6种情况: a在单数形式后直接加-s: girl girls hat hats neck necks tree trees pencil pencils kind kings b如单数名词以s,x,sh,ch或z结尾,需在后面加kiss kisses church churches fox foxes ma
4、tch matches tax taxes watch watches dish dishes branch branches brush brushes buzz buzzes -es: 2 c以y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-es: lady ladies army armies baby babies story stories soliloquy soliloquies colloquy colloquies 如果y前还有一个元音字母,则直接加-s: day days key keys boy boys monkey monkeys d以o结尾的词,多数加-s: demo demos in
5、ferno infernos kilo kilos tempo tempos cello cellos memo memos banjo banjos octavo octavos piano pianos 3 canto cantos dynamo dynamos tobacco tobaccos solo solos photo photos cameo cameos ratio ratios 以“元音字母+o”结尾的词,一概加-s:curios,rodeos,bamboos,tattoos, 但有少数以o 结尾的词后需加-es: echo,echoes; embargo,embargoe
6、s; jingo,jingoes; torpe- do;torpedoes;veto,vetoes;hero,heroes;negro,ne-groes;potato,potatoes;mosquito,mosquitoes;go,goes;no,noes;motto,mottoes 其他以o结尾的词,一般既可加-s,也可加-es: zero,zeros,zeroes;halo,halos,haloes;mango,mangos,mangoes此外还有:motto;tornado;volcano;cargo;buffalo;commando e以f或fe结尾的词,多数直接加-s: chief
7、chiefs reef reefs cliff cliffs cuff cuffs roof roofs 4 fife fifes belief beliefs safe safes gulf gulfs strife strifes 但有几个名词,需变f为v,再加es: elf elves leaf leaves calf calves thlef thleves shelf shelves loaf loaves half halves life lives self selves wife wives wolf wolves knife knives 有个别名词,可加-s或-es: ho
8、of hoofs,hooves wharf wharfs,wharves scarf scarfs,scarves 5 dwarf dwarfs,dwarves beef beefs,beeves staff staffs,staves 16 词尾读音:-s或-es 可读作s,iz或z: a在清辅音后读s,如: cupsk)ps,shapesMeips,hats h$ts,datesdeits,dochsd&ks,lakesleiks,monarchsm&n+ks,fifesfaifs,roofsru:fs,laughsla:fs,coughsk&fs,pho-tographs f+t+gra
9、:fs 在th后多数读s,如: clothskl&Is,monthm)nIs,mythsmiIs但在少数情况下也读z,如: pathpa:I,pathspa: J z oath+uI,oaths+uJz mouthmauI,mouthsmauJz wreathri:I,wreathsri:Jz bathba:I,bathsba:Jz th 前有长元音或双元音时读作: youthsju:Jz,truthstruJz,sheathsMi:Jz b在s,z,M,tM,DN等音后读iz: kisseskisiz foxesf&ksiz dishesdiMiz churchestM+:tMiz languagesl$Rgwidziz rosesr+uziz c在其他情况下均读z,如: 6 dogsd&gz,penspenz,boysb&iz,girlsg+:lz,namesneimz,citiessitiz,waysweiz 7