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1、天津大学分子生物学ppt总结Chapter 1 Life begin with cells 1. The diversity and commonality of cells Sperm + Egg Zygote Embryo Tissues Body 2.The molecules of a cell 3.The work of cells (1) Cells build and degrade numerous molecules and structures (2) Animal cells produce their own external environment and clues
2、 (3) Cells change shape and move (4) Cells sense and send information (5) Cells regulate their gene expression to meet changing needs (6) Cells grow and divide (7) Cells die from aggravated assault or an internal program 4.Investigating cells and their parts 5.A genome perspective on evolution Chapt
3、er 3 Protein structure and function 3.1 Hierarchical structure of proteins Functional classes of proteins:Structural proteins; Scaffoldproteins; Enzymeproteins; Membrane transport proteins; Regulatoryproteins; Motor proteins; 1. The primary structure of proteins:Oligopeptide, polypeptide and protein
4、s: 2. Secondary structure of proteins: helix: sheet: turn: 3. Tertiary structure of proteins:Tertiary structure based protein categories: Visualization of protein structures: C backbone trace: Ball and stick: Ribbons: Solvent-accessible surface: 4. Combinations of secondary and tertiary structures:
5、Structural motifs：Coiled-coil motif :EF-hand/helix-loop-helix motif:Zinc-finger motif: 5. Quaternary structure of protein: 6. Protein family and super family 3.2 Protein folding Molecular chaperones: 3.3 Protein function 1. Specific binding of ligands underlies the functions of most proteins Specifi
6、city and Affinity. 2. Molecular motors convert energy into motion 2.4 Regulating protein function I The ways to regulate protein activity: Control of protein synthesis Control of protein degradation 2.5 Regulating protein function II Noncovalent and covalent modification:allosteric interaction 3.6 P
7、urifying, detecting, and characterizing proteins 3.7 Proteomics Chapter 4 Basic molecular genetic mechanism 4.1 Structure of nucleic acids 1. Denaturation and renaturation;Tm (melting temperature):The factors influence DNA Tm 2. RNA structure; 4.2 Transcription of protein-coding genes 4.3 The decodi
8、ng of mRNA by tRNAs Reading frame:Frame-shifting:Function of tRNA 4.4 Stepwise synthesis of proteins on ribosomes Translation process: 4.5 DNA replication Semiconservative mechanism 4.6 DNA repair and recombination Excision-repair system in eukaryotes Double-strand DNA break repair system in eukaryo
9、tes 4.7 Viruses: parasites of the cellular genetic system Chapter 7 Transcriptional control of gene expression 7.1 Control of gene expression in bacteria 1. Transcription initiation need 70 2. 54-activator: NtrC 3. Two-component regulatory system 7.2 Overview of eukaryotic gene control and RNA polym
10、erase RNA polymerase II has an essential carboxyl-terminal repeat: 7.3 Regulatory sequences in protein-coding genes 1. Principal types of promoter sequence in eukaryotes TATA box: Initiator: CpG islands: 2. Promoter-proximal elements and enhancers are cell-type specific 7.4 Activators and repressors
11、 of transcription 1. Transcription factor and How to find the transcription factor? 2. DNA-binding domains of repressors and activators The C2H2 zinc finger Homeodomain Basic zipper (leucine zipper) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) 3. Combinatorial complexity in transcription control: 4. Enhancesome: 7
12、.5 Transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II Assembly of transcription preinitiation complex: 7.6 Molecular mechanism of transcription repression and activation Chromatin mediated regulation and Mediator mediated regulation 7.7 Regulation of transcription-factor activity 1. Common domain structu
13、re of nuclear receptors 2. Regulation of nuclear-receptor by hormone Chapter 8 Post-transcriptional gene control 8.1 Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA 1. The process from initial primary transcript to functional mRNA: 5 capping 3 cleavage/polyadenylation RNA splicing 2. Spliceosome 3. Exon-junction
14、complex: 4. How to recognize exon and inton? 5. Interaction of SR protein and exonic splicing enhancers : 6. Self-splicing intron 7. 3 Cleavage and polyadenylation 8. There is two kind of pre-mRNA splicing: 8.2 Regulation of pre-mRNA processing Alternative splicing is the primary mechanism for regul
15、ating mRNA processing; RNA editing is an another mechanism for regulating mRNA processing; 8.3 Transport of mRNA across the nuclear envelope 1. Nuclear pore complexes; 2. mRNP transportation through NPC; 8.4 Cytoplasmic mechanisms of post-transcriptional control 1. Two kind of post-transcriptional c
16、ontrol mechanism: miRNA and SiRNA 2. Where is the miRNA come from? 3. how is the miRNA transcribed? 4. Protein-mediated translational control 5. mRNA degradation in cytoplasm 6. Global regulation of translation: Rugulation process of eIF2 kinases: 7. Control of specific mRNA translation 8. mRNA surv
17、eillance 8.5 Processing of rRNA and tRNA Pre-tRNA processingNuclear bodies Chapter13 Moving proteins into membrane and organelles 13.1 Translocation of secretory proteins across the ER membrane 1. Secretory pathway: general process 2. Secretory pathway: ER signal sequence 3. Secretory pathway: Cotra
18、nslational translocation共翻译转运 4.Secretory pathway: Post-translational translocation 13.2 Insertion of proteins into the ER membrane 1.Topological classes of integral membrane proteins 2.Topogenic sequences of integral membrane proteins 3.Type I integral membrane proteins 13.3 Protein modifications,
19、folding, and quality control in the ER 1.Principal modification of proteins in transportation process 2.Glycosylation and glycoproteins: 3.Functions of oligosaccharides on the glycoproteins 4.Disulfide bond of proteins 5.quality control in the ER 6 Unassembled or misfolded proteins in the ER transpo
20、rted to cytosol for degradation 13.4 Sorting of proteins to mitochondria and chloroplasts 1.Transport proteins to mitochondria 2.Three energy inputs required for transportation 3.Transportation to inner-membrane of mitochondria A B C 4.Transportation to inter-membrane space of mitochondria A B 5.Tra
21、nsportation to outer-membrane of mitochondria 6.Targeting of chloroplast stromal proteins 7.Targeting of chloroplast thylakoids proteins: four pathways. 13.5 Sorting of peroxisomal proteins PTS1 and proxisomal targeting 13.6 Transport into and out of the nucleus 1. Brief description of NPC 2. Nuclea
22、r-localization signal and its receptors3 Receptors. 3. Mechanism for importing cytoplasmic cargo proteins 4. Mechanism for exporting cargo proteins to cytoplasm 5. Comparing the mechanism between importing and exporting 6. A similar shuttling mechanism for tRNA and mRNA 7. Ran-independent mechanism
23、for mRNA export Chapter14 Vesicular traffic, secretion, and endocytosis 14.1 Techniques for studying the secretory pathway 1. Two basic requirements for any assay of intercompartmental transport: Experiment 1and 2and 3 14.2 Molecular mechanisms of vesicular traffic 1. Integral membrane proteins 2. K
24、ind of vesicles: COPII vesicles; COPI vesicles; Catherin vesicles. 3. Assembly and disassembly of COPII coat: 4. Specific docking of vesicles to target membranes: 5. Fusion of vesicles: 14.3 Early stages of the secretory pathway 1.Vesicle-mediated protein trafficking between the ER and cis-Golgi 2.
25、Formation of coat of COPII vesicles: 3. COPI vesicles transport from Golgi to the ER: 4. Anterograde transport through the Golgi: 14.4 Later stages of the secretory pathway 1. Vesicle-mediated protein trafficking from the trans-golgi network 2. Clathrin and/or adapter proteins coated vesicles 3. Man
26、nose 6-phosphate residues target soluble proteins to lysosomes 4. Different pathways to move proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface: Pathway of regulated transport vesicle Pathway of unregulated transport vesicles 5. Sorting of protein destined for the apical and basolateral regio
27、n of polarize cells 14.5 Receptor-mediated endocytosis 1. Cell take up lipids in the form of lipoprotein complex; 2. LDL receptor (LDLR) mediated endocytosis(内吞作用) 14.6 Directing membrane proteins and cytosolic materials to the lysosome Two pathways for targeting materials to lysosome: Multivesicula
28、r endosome pathway; Autophagic pathway: include three basic steps: Chapter15 Cell signaling I 15.1 From extracellular signal to cellular response 1. General principles of signaling by cell-surface receptors 2.Transportation of signaling molecules 15.2 Studying cell-surface receptors 1. Binding speci
29、ficity of a receptor 2.Response of a receptor induced by ligand 15.3 Intracellular signal-transduction pathways 1. Cellular response induced by external signals 2.GTP-binding proteins are frequently used as on/off switches There are two kind of GTP-binding protein:Protein kinasesand Protein phosphat
30、ases 3.Second messengers carry and amplify signalscampandCa2+ 15.4 General elements of G protein-coupled receptor system 1. GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor) signaling pathway contains: GPCR signaling pathway 2.G protein in humans 15.5 G protein-coupled receptors that regulate ion channels 1. Light
31、activates Gt-coupled rhodopsins 2.Molecular mechanism of visual adaptation 15.6 G protein-coupled receptors that activate/inhibit 1. Adenylyl cyclase mediated regulation 2.Glycogen metabolism 3.Termination of signaling pathway by coupling Gs 4.Hormone-induce signaling pathway can be terminated by re
32、pressionorheterologous/homologous desensitization 15.7G protein-coupled receptors that activate phospholipase C 15.8 Integrating responses of cells to environmental influences 1. Integration of multiple second messengers regulates glycogenolysis Chapter16 Cell signaling II 16.1 TGF receptors and the
33、 direct activation of Smads 1. TGF pathway: Composition 2.TGF pathway: Synthesis of TGF 3.TGF pathway: TGF receptor composition 4.TGF receptor activation 5.TGF receptor mediated Smad translocation 6.Smad activate transcription: 16.2 Cytokine receptors and the JAK/STAT pathway 16.3 Receptor tyrosine
34、kinases 1. phosphorylating mechanism of RTKs 2.Down-regulation of RTKs2ways 16.4 Activation of Ras and MAP kinase pathway 1. The Ras/MAP kinase pathway: signal transduction 16.5 Phosphoinositides as signal tranducers 1. The PI-3 kinase/PKB pathway 16.6 Activation of gene transcription by cell-surfac
35、e receptors 1. PKA also have long-term effect on gene expression: feedback 2. Activation of Wnt pathway controls numerous cell events: 3. Component of the Wnt pathway: 4. The Wnt signaling pathway 5. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway: lack Hh or full of Hh. 16.7 Pathways that involves signal-induc
36、ed protein cleavage 1.The NF-B pathway: signal activation signal transduction activated signal transduction termination 2. The Delta-Notch pathway: 3. Phospholipid and cholesterol levels regulation SREBP has 3 distinct domain: Chapter17 Cell organization and movement I 17.1 Microfilaments and actin
37、structures 1. Three major filament systems of the cytoskeleton MicrofilamentsMicrotubulesIntermediate filaments: 17.2 Dynamics of actin filaments 1. Actin polymerization in vitro proceeds in 3 steps: 2. Actin filaments grow faster at (+) ends than at (-) ends: 3. Actin filaments tread milling is acc
38、elerated by profilin and cfilin: 4. Thymosin-4 provides a reservoir of actin for polymerization: 5. Capping proteins block assembly and disassembly at actin filament ends: 17.3 Mechanisms of actin filament assembly 1. Formins assemble unbranched filaments: 2. The Arp2/3 complex nucleates branched fi
39、lament assembly: 3. Intracellular movements can be powered by actin polymerization: 17.4 Organization of actin-based cellular structure 1. Cross-linking proteins organize actin filaments into bundles or networks: 2. Adaptor proteins link actin filaments to membranes: 17.5 Myosins: actin-based motor
40、proteins 1. Myosin have head, neck, and tail domains with district functions: 2. Myosins make up a large family of mechanochemical motor proteins: 3. Conformational changes in the myosin head couple ATP hydrolysis to movement: 17.6 Myosin-powered movements 1. Skeletal muscle composition and contract
41、ion. 2.Sarcomere structure and stability: 3. Regulation of the skeletal muscle contraction 4. Myosin-dependent mechanisms regulate contraction in smooth muscle and nonmuscle cells 5. Myosin-V-bound vesicles are carried along actin filaments Chapter18 Cell organization and movement II 18.1 Microtubul
42、e structure and organization 1. The microtubules were consist of tubulin and MAPs 18.2 Microtubule dynamics 1. The assembling process consist 3 phases: 18.3 Regulation of microtubule structure and dynamics 1. There are 3 mechanisms for microtubule destabilization 18.4 Kinesins and dyneins: microtubu
43、le-based motor proteins 1. Kinesin-1 2. Kinesins form a large protein family with diverse functions 3. Kinesin-1 is a highly processive motor 4. Dynein motors transport organelles toward the (-) end of microtubules 18.5 Cilia and flagella: microtubule-based surface structures 1. Structure of cilia a
44、nd flagella 2. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) 18.6 Mitosis 1.Mitosis can be divided into 6 phases 2. Centrosomes duplicate early in the cell cycle for mitosis 3. The mitotic spindle contains three classes of microtubules 4. The kinetochore capture and helps transport chromosomes 5. Anaphase A moves
45、chromosomes to poles by microtubule shortening: 6. Anaphase B separate spindle pole by the combined action of kinesins and dynein 7. Cytokinesis splite the duplicated cell in two 18.7 Intermediate filaments 1. Intermediate filaments are assembled from subunit dimers 2. The unique properties of inter
46、mediate filaments (IFs) 3. The major classes of Ifs in mammals 4. KeratinDesminNeurofilaments 18.8 Coordination and cooperation between cytoskeletal elements Chapter19 Integrating cells into tissues 19.1 Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion: an overview 1. CAMs: major classes 2. CAMs: kind of links 3.
47、 CAMs: kinds of adhesive interactions 4. ECM components 19.2 Cell-cell and cell-ECM junctions and their adhesion molecules 1. Epithelial cells have distinct different surface structures 2. Three major types of junctions in animal cells 3. Anchoring junction: there are 3 types of anchoring junctions
48、4. CAMs in anchoring junctions: Classical cadherins and (2) Desmosomalcadherins are 2 major classes of the cadherin family;(3) Integrins: 5. Tight junctions: 6. Gap junctions:The proteins composing Gap junctions: 19.3 The ECM I: the basal lamina 1. Three types of molecules in ECM, that bind to adhesion receptors: Proteoglycans; Collagen fibers; Soluble multiadhesive matrix proteins: 2.
