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1、如何paraphrase英语句子doc 如何paraphrase英语句子 余明朝 陕西省商南县高级中学 关于paraphrase这个词：前缀para-的意思是“差不多，几乎，相似”，phrase的意思是“表达”。顾名思义，paraphrase就是用不同的话语或自己的话语表达相同的意思。即“释义，改述”之意。要忠实、通顺地释义句子，首先必须对原句有透彻的理解，然后把所理解的东西用自己熟悉的词汇、句型加以确切的表达。透彻的理解和确切的表达实在不易，但应当是我们的理想和努力方向。只要专心致志，锲而不舍，不断提高语言知识水平，不断通过实践，总结经验，忠实而又通顺的释义句子的目标是可以达到的。那么，如何
2、paraphrase一个句子？下面就谈谈技巧。 一、改变词序。即把句子的前后顺序颠倒，根据情况，个别词汇要做调整。例如： She continued to do her job despite her poor health. 尽管她身体差，还是继续上着班。 Despite her poor health, she continued to do her job. The chaos in the south was worsening due to ineffective policies and misuse of power.由于无效的政策和乱用权力，南方的混乱局面在加剧。 Due to
3、 ineffective policies and misuse of power, the chaos in the south was worsening. There has been a growth in the number of starving population in the last decade.在刚刚过去的十年里，饥饿人口增加了。 In the last decade there has been a growth in the number of starving population. Overuse of ground water would cause wid
4、espread dryness.过度利用地下水会造成普遍干燥。 Widespread dryness would be a result of overuse of ground water. 二、转化词性。词性的转化指的是一个词不变化其词形或变化其词形，而由一种词类转化为另一种词类。比如，名词通常被转化为动词来使用：book n.书 v. 预定，diet n. 日常饮食v. 节食，dress n. 服装 v. 给谁穿衣服，eye n. 眼睛 v. 看，注视，hand n. 手v.递，nurse n. 护士v.照料，taste n.味道v.品尝，尝起来，solution n.解决方案solve
5、 v.解决，signature n.签字sign v.签字。例如： The company needs to find a solution for this problem.该公司需要找到一个解决这个难题的方案。 - 1 - The company needs to solve this problem. The poor economy has been the cause of high unemployment.不景气的经济导致高失业率。 The poor economy has caused high unemployment. If you eat rabbit, you will
6、 find its taste like chicken. 如果你吃兔肉，就会发现它的味道如同鸡肉。 If you eat rabbit, you will find it tastes like chicken. Fifty-four men signed the Declaration of Independence.五十四个人签下独立宣言。 Fifty-four men put their signatures on the Declaration of Independence. 三、使用同义词或词组，即“词语替代法”。英语里有很多同义词或词组，它们的意思相同或相似。此法是指用词性相同
7、的同义词、近义词或同义词组对原句的某些成分进行相应的替代，而句子意思保持不变。比如，我们可以把“Movies can be divided into three categories.” 释义为 “Movies can be divided into three types.” 很明显，用types代替了categories。因此，就要求我们在英语学习过程中尽可能多地掌握同义词。例如： Overuse of ground water would lead to pervasive drought.过度利用地下水会造成普遍干旱。 Overuse of ground water would cau
8、se widespread dryness. She continued to carry out her duty although she was in poor health.尽管她身体不好，还是继续履行职责。 She continued to do her job despite her poor health. The firm has dismissed experienced staff and substituted them with young people on lower salary.公司已经解雇了熟练工，取而代之的是薪水较低的年轻人。 The company has
9、 made experienced staff leave their job and replaced them with young people on lower pay. 四、使用否定或反义表达。即把肯定表达变成否定表达，把否定表达变成肯定表达。比如，我们可以把“Rather than building a traditional memorial, the city built a park” 释义为“The city did not build a traditional memorial; instead it built a park.” 就把肯定形式变成了否定形式，但句意相同
10、。例如： Shaun was disappointed, because the movie wasnt very good.肖恩失望了，因为电影不好看。 Shaun wasnt satisfied, because the movie wasnt very good. - 2 - Japan is a large country, compared to European countries.与欧洲相比，日本是个大国。 Japan is not a small country, compared to European countries. Geri wanted some candy, b
11、ut the bowl was empty. 格里想要些糖，但碗里却是空的。 Geri wanted some candy, but there wasnt any in the bowl. 五、改变句子结构。英语句子结构复杂多样，但释义时应用最基本、最简明、最典型的英语句子。 1. 使用“There +be+主语”句型。例如： The number of hungry people has increased in the last decade.在过去十年中，饥饿民众的数量增加了。 第一步：The number of starving population has grown in the
12、 last decade. 第二步：There has been a growing number of starving population in the last decade.或者： There has been a growth in the number of starving population in the last decade. 2. 使用“It is +adj. +for +名词/代词+不定式”结构。例如： It is + important/essential/necessary difficult/hard/easy common/usual/unusual pro
13、bable/possible/impossible/likely/ unlikely You need the most up-to-date antivirus programs to ensure your hard drive and e-mail are not infected. 你需要最新的杀毒软件来确保硬盘和电子邮件不被病毒感染。 第一步：You must have the most modern antivirus programs to make sure your hard drive and e-mail are not damaged. 或者：You must have
14、 the most modern antivirus programs to protect your hard drive and e-mail. 第二步：It is necessary (for you) to have the most modern antivirus programs to protect your hard drive and e-mail. The power plant would aggravate the shortage of water in the area if it was given permission to use up to 50,000
15、cubic meters of water a day. 如果允许这座发电厂一天用掉五万立方米的水，就会使该地区缺水现象更加严重。 第一步：The power plant would worsen the water shortage in the area if it was allowed to consume up to 50,000 cubic meters of water daily. +for+代词/名词to+不定式 - 3 - 第二步：It is possible for the power plant to worsen the water shortage in the a
16、rea if it was allowed to consume up to 50,000 cubic meters of water daily. 3. 把从句变成短语并做些必要的改变。例如： Technology is now so potent and pervasive that it seems to be the main driver of social change. 现在，科学技术有力有效，无处不在，似乎成为社会变革的主要推手。 第一步：Technology is at present so powerful and widely used that it appears t
17、o be the main driving force of social change. 第二步：At present, powerful and widely used technology appears to be the main driving force of social change. You need the most up-to-date antivirus programs to ensure your hard drive and e-mail are not infected. 你需要最新的杀毒软件来确保硬盘和电子邮件不被病毒感染。 第一步：You must hav
18、e the most modern antivirus programs to make sure your hard drive and e-mail are not damaged. You must have the most modern antivirus programs to protect your hard drive and e-mail. 第二步：The most modern antivirus programs will protect your hard drive and e-mail. 4. 使用分词短语把复杂句变成简单句。 1）把定语从句缩略成分词短语，作后置
19、定语。例如： Police held back protesters who attempted to break through the barricades. 警察阻止了那些企图突破路障的抗议者。 第一步：Police held back demonstrators who tried to break through the barriers. 第二步：Police held back demonstrators trying to break through the barriers. Agricultural Land Reform Act has a major loophole
20、which will let investors have farmers land in their possession. 农业土地改革法案有一个主要的漏洞，那就是，允许投资者获得农民土地的所有权。 第一步：Agricultural Land Reform Act has a major loophole that will allow investors to take ownership of farmers land. 第二步：Agricultural Land Reform Act has a major loophole allowing investors to take ow
21、nership of farmers land. 2）把时间状语从句变成分词。例如： After Tom paid for the famous painting, he discovered that it was a reproduction. 汤姆在支- 4 - 付了这幅名画后，发现是一幅复制品。 第一步：After Tom bought the famous painting, he found out that it was a fake. 第二步：After buying the famous painting, Tom found out that it was a fake.
22、The doctor found an irregularity as he was watching the patients respiratory rate.在观察病人呼吸频率时，大夫发现该病人心律不齐。 第一步：The doctor discovered an irregularity while he was observing the patients respiratory rate. 第二步：The doctor discovered an irregularity while observing the patients respiratory rate. 3）把原因状语从句
23、或两个含有因果关系的句子变成分词。例如： The owner of a petrol station could not verify the sources of the petrol. As a result, he was alleged to illegally stock up on oil. 加油站的老板无法核实汽油的来源。因此，他被指控非法存储石油。 第一步：The petrol station owner failed to verify the petrol sources. Therefore, he was charged with illegal stockpile o
24、f oil. 第二步： Failing to verify the petrol sources, the petrol station owner was charged with illegal stockpile of oil. Typhoon left more than a thousand people with no choice but to evacuate from villages in the mountains since it dumped over one meter of torrential rain on mountainous areas.在山区，由于台风
25、引发暴雨倾盆而下，使得一千多位村民不得不撤离村庄。 第一步：Typhoon forced more than a thousand people to escape from villages in the mountains as it poured over one meter of heavy rain on mountainous areas. 第二步：Pouring over one meter of heavy rain on mountainous areas, typhoon forced more than a thousand people to escape from v
26、illages in the mountains. 5. 改变语态。即把主动语态变成被动语态，把被动语态变成主动语态。例如： The ICT Ministry was assigned by the cabinet to oversee the electronic ID card bidding.内阁派遣信息通信部监督电子身份证招投标。 第一步：The ICT Ministry was appointed by the government to supervise the electronic ID card bidding. 第二步：The government appointed th
27、e ICT Ministry to supervise the electronic ID card bidding. - 5 - PTT and Siam Cement will fund the building of new water pipelines in the Eastern seaboard. 邮电部和暹罗水泥公司将在东海岸投资建设新的输水管道。 第一步：PTT and Siam Cement will finance the construction of pipelines in the Eastern seaboard. 第二步：The construction of
28、new water pipelines in the Eastern seaboard will be financed by PTT and Siam Cement. 阅读理解下面句子，并paraphrase这些句子： 1. That expression means “in a cheerful way.” 2. Emre is very experienced despite being young. 3. The Yuan Longping High-tech Agricultural Company of China has developed the new hybrid rice
29、. 4. They do nothing but talk about reducing air pollution. 5. Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students. 6. I have a sweet teeth. 7. Im not half as good as you. 8. Youve got it! 9. Thats not the point. 10. Thanks for the compliment. Keys: 1.That phrase means “in a happy way.” 2. Emre is
30、 very experienced although he is young. 3. The new hybrid rice has been developed by the Yuan Longping High-tech Agricultural Company of China. 4. They only talk about reducing air pollution. 5. If you dont work hard, you will fall behind the other students. 6. I like sweet things.7.You are much better than me. 8. Youve understood. 9.Youre not talking about what is important. 10.Thanks for saying something nice about me. - 6 -
