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1、婚礼备程序及细节大全writer, which in modern criticism we generally call themeI. What Is Theme? One of the safest comments to make about novels is on the theme. Everyone is entitled to extract a theme based upon his understanding of the novel. Theme may be the most democratic elements in literature, because it
2、s definition is the least restrictive. The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight. Being an idea or an insight, the theme should be abstract and it should generalize about life. Labeled as controlling or central, the theme should be capable of unifying the whole novel. So th
3、e theme of a story, then, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. II. Clarification about Theme Common as it is, theme suffers some misunderstandings. One misconception about theme is that each novel has a theme or themes, or theme is important to all novels. In fact, some nove
4、ls, interesting ones though, do not provide any insight into life. For example, man novels of ratiocination and novels of horror. These novels are aimed at entertaining the reader, not at improving his understanding of life. They may sometimes touch upon the human nature or social problems, but thes
5、e issues are only used to push the plot forward and they are not mentioned for their own value. Theme exists only in the novel that seriously attempts to reflect life faithfully or intends to reveal truth about life, or in the novels that are based on ideas or theories of life. (for example, novels
6、of ideas). Another misconception about theme is that the theme is largely what the novel is. Some people discard the novel when they thin that they have got the theme. It should be made clear that the novel is not written to convey an idea but to convey an idea artistically. The novel is a worof art
7、 whereas the theme is only an abstract idea. An analogy from daily life may help clarify this question. People all need vitamins and get them from various inds of vegetables and fruits. Only those with deficiency of one kind or another have to tae vitamin pills to get the required amount. The differ
8、ence between the theme and the novel is much like that between the vitamins and the vegetables. The reader sometimes finds that the theme of a novel is similar to or even the same as what he has already known about life and that he is still fascinated by the novel. Theme appeals solely to the intell
9、ectual level of reading while the novel as a whole mainly appeals to the emotional level. Another pitfall concerning the theme is to confuse a theme with moral or lesson. Usually, a moral or a lesson is the advice stated or implied in a parable or fable. It is something of a rule by which one can re
10、gulate his behavior. For example, Be kind to your neighbors, or Honesty is the best policy. But a theme is more complicated than this as a novel is to enhance ones awareness of life rather than simply to tell him how to behave. A novel is a complicated matter and different readers may have different
11、 interpretations of the same novel, so it is incorrect to presume that one novel has only one theme. In some cases, there are several subthemes to the main theme. In reality, some novels are appreciated for their thematic ambiguity. For example, Moby Dick can be interpreted in more ways than one. Fi
12、nally, the theme is not to be confused with the subject. The theme is an idea while the subject is a matter or an affair. Love is invinciblemay be a theme, but love is only a subject. A subject may be universal. The subjects of The Scarlet Letterhe Great Gatsby and Women in Love are all love. But th
13、ese novels have different themes. A theme is particular to its novel, though there are man similar themes to be found in other novels. III. Five Requirements for Stating a Theme The statement of a theme may be brief or long. And there are different ways to express one and the same theme. But it shou
14、ld meet the following requirements. A theme must be expressed in the form of a statement with a subject and a predicate. For example, Love of ones country often inspires heroic self-sacrifice. If a theme is expressed in the form of a phrase, then the phrase must be convertible to sentence form. One
15、can say that the theme of a novel is futility of envy. The phrase can be changed to envy is futile. When one chooses to state a theme in the phrase form, he must be very careful about its convertibility to sentence form. For instance ,the phrase selfless maternal love does not always mean that mater
16、nal love is selfless.The theme is generalization about life based on the novel, and the statement of theme should be true also of other people or life situations. Therefore, names of characters and places should not be mentioned, for they suggest specific things and invite limitations. So in themati
17、c discussion of Wuthering Heights, one may mention peoples psychology of revenge, but not HeathcliffThough a theme is a generalization, over-generalization should be avoided. Since a theme is extracted from a particular novel (a particular event), it may not be applicable to all situations. So words
18、 like alwaynever,all, and every should be avoided. Instead, one should use words like some,“sometimes and may.When making a generalization, one should strictlyeep to what is actually in the novel and not smuggle into it assumptions supplied from his past experience. Since theme is the central and un
19、ifying idea of the novel, it must account for all the major details and must not be contradicted by an details in the novel. Since a theme is different from a moral or a lesson, one should avoid reducing a theme to a clich or platitude like Beauty is only skin-deep. If one crams every new experience
20、 into an old formula, he loses the opportunity of new perception provided by reading novels. IV. Where to Loo for the Theme The novelist may state or imply the theme. He uses every possible method to convey the theme. Though the theme is based upon the whole novel, practically, we can specify some i
21、mportant areas in which to loo for the theme. How the novel is entitled. The title is the name of the novel and in many cases (almost all cases) the novelist intends it to tell something important about the novel. Sometimes the central theme of the novel is present in the title. For example, Pride a
22、nd Prejudice is about Darcys pride and Elizabeth Bennets prejudice. Main Stree is about the life of middle-class people in a Midwestern town. Thin what the title ofFor Whom the Bell Tollstells about its theme, and As I lay DyingHow the novelist shows his interest. If the novelist is interested in so
23、mething, he would allow more space to it, describing or narrating in great detail. Yet, sometimes he emphasizes it by leaving it out, as in the case of Ernest Hemingway. The point concerned here is that why the novelist gives more attention to this particular character, since or event but not others
24、. How the novelist deals with a common subject. Often the novelist has to include in his wor some common subjects, but if he treats the common subjects in an uncommon way, it shows that he is trying to convey something new or important in the novel. Maybe it is the theme that demands him to do so. I
25、mportant symbols.Symbols are loaded with important meanings. So if a symbol appears repeatedl or at important moments, it may point to the theme of the novel. A good example is the letter A in he Scarlet LetterImportant speeches. Characters talk and in their talk are revealed their judgments of the
26、other characters or event. The characters judgments may give important clues to the theme. V. Obvious and unobvious theme Obvious theme: The theme of a story, since we know, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. In some stories, the theme is rather obvious. For example, in Ae
27、sos fable about the council of the mice that cannot decide who will bell the cat, the theme is stated in the moral at the end: It is easier to propose a thing than to carry it out. In some novels, the title may offer a suggestion about the main theme. For example, Jane AustenPride and Prejudice is n
28、amed after its theme, and the whole story unfolds itself around that theme. In some novels, the title is not so named but the plot exists primarily to illustrate the theme and it is not very difficult for us to infer what it is. For example,Uncle TomCabin by H.B.Stowe and he Grapes of Wrath by John
29、Steinbeck voice the themes of slavery and migratory labor respectively. The title of The Grapes of Wrath comes from a line in an extremely famous Civil War song, The Battle Hymn of the Republic. The line is, He is trampling out the vintage where the Grapes of wrath are stored, which means an unjust
30、or oppressive situation, action or policy that may inflame desire for vengeance: an explosive condition. The song was written by a famous and influential social activist, Julia Ward Howe. Unobvious theme: But in most literary works of fiction, the theme is seldom so obvious. That is, generally a the
31、me is not a moral nor a message, neither is it clearly conveyed in the title. When we finish reading a finely wrought story, it is easier to sum up the ploto say what happensthan to describe the main idea. To say of James JoyceArab that it is about a boy who goes to a bazaar to buy a gift for a youn
32、g woman but arrives too late is to summarize plot, not theme. In many fine short stories, theme is the center, the moving force, the principle of unity. Clearly, such a theme is something more than the characters and events of the story. Most of the short stories challenge an easy-come theme. In Hem
33、ingwayA Clean, Well-Lighted Place, as observed by Kennedyand Gioia, the events are rather simplea young waiter manages to get rid of the old man from the caf and the older waiter stops at a coffee bar on his way homebut while the events themselves seem relatively slight, the story as a whole is full
34、 of meaning. For a deep understanding of the meaning, we have to looto other elements of the story besides what happens in it: narrative, symbols, tone, the dialogue between the two waiters, the monologue of the older waiter, etc. Evidently the author intends us to pay more attention to the thoughts
35、 and feelings of the older waiter, the character whose words echo the authors voice. One try on the theme may be: The older waiter understands the old man and sympathizes with his need for a clean, well-lighted place. But here we are still talking about what happens in the story, though we are not s
36、umming up the plot. A theme is usually stated in general words. Another try sounds like this: Solitary people need a orderly place where they can drink with dignity. That is a little better. We have indicated that Hemingways story is more than merelyabout an old man and two waiters. We remember that
37、 at the end the story is entirely confined to the older waiters thoughts and perceptions. How do we understand his mediation on nada, nothingness, which bears so much emphasis? No good statement of the theme of the story can leave it out. Then we have still another trySolitary people need a place of
38、 refuge from their terrible awareness that their life (or perhaps, human life) is essentially meaningless. Neither this nor any other statement of the storys theme is unarguably appropriate, but the statement at least touches one primary idea that Hemingway seems to be driving at. After we read A Cl
39、ean, Well-Lighted Place, we feel that there is such a theme, a unifying vision, even though we cannot reduce it to a tag and we may still vary in our opinion about, and statement of, the theme. Moral inferences drawn from most stories: Moral inferences may be drawn from most stories, no doubt, even
40、when an author does not intend his/her story to be read this way. In A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, we feel that Hemingway is indirectly giving us advice for properly regarding and sympathizing the lonely, the uncertain, and the old. But obviously the story does not set forth a lesson that we are supp
41、osed to put into practice. We can sayfor sure that A Clean, Well-Lighted Place contains several themes and other statements could be made to take in Hemingways view of love, of communication between people, of dignity. Great stories, like great symphonies, frequently have more than one theme. When w
42、e say that the title of Pride and Prejudice conveys the theme of the novel or that Uncle TomCabin and The Grapes of Wrath treat the themes of slavery and migratory labor respectively, this is to use theme in a larger and more abstract sense than it is in our discussion of HemingwayA Clean, Well-Ligh
43、ted Place. In this larger sense it is relatively easy to say that Mark Twains Hucleberry Finn, Updiks A & P, and Faulkners Barn Burning concern the theme of initiation into maturity. Such general descriptions of theme can be useful, especially if we want to sort a large number of stories and novels
44、into rough categories, but the fact that they are similar in theme does not mean that they mean the same thing. The attitude towards the theme may be very different: the tone of treatment may be, for example, either comic or tragic, straightforward or ironic. The writers vision of life is the specia
45、l underlying fact of a story, and a theme, abstractly stated, is not the same thing as a vision of life. And we suggest anyway that, in the beginning, you loo for whatever truth or insight you thin the writer of a story intends to reveal. Try to state a theme in a sentence. By doing so, we will find
46、 ourselves looking closely at the story. Kennedy and Gioia make a helpful suggestion to consider the following points when we thin 婚礼当天应当注意的小细节！ 送给每一位即将举行婚礼的新人们 每次看到新人们因忽略了一些小细节，而影响自己精心组织安排婚礼的效果。所以特意汇总整理了一些，送给即将举行婚礼的新人们，同时也期望抛砖引玉，让大家多多将婚礼中应该注意的问题提供出来，算是给新人们礼物吧！ 一、新娘化妆、扎彩车篇 婚礼当天时间安排紧，荣不得半点耽搁。但有两方面往往容
47、易出现一些问题，就是婚纱摄影时送的化妆以及扎彩车了，尤其是结婚好日子的时候。往往会碰到因为人多，等轮到你时，比原先预计的时间晚了很多，最终是影响到乃后的所有流程。我就遇到过，婚车几乎晚扎了2个小时。所以，事先要做好两手准备，一是和原先请的半程化妆师沟通好，最好12点前给您预留下时间，一旦婚纱影楼出现问题，半程转全程。二是大多婚庆公司都不提供扎彩车，他其实也是转承包到一些小花店，比较容易出现前面的问题。所以要和婚庆公司明确，取婚车的时间必须已经扎完彩车，如果不行，就在合同里明确完成扎彩车的最晚时间，以及一旦超过的违约责任。如果是自己扎彩车的话，建议多打一点提前量，免得出现意外，尤其是日子特别好的
48、时候。 writer, which in modern criticism we generally call themeI. What Is Theme? One of the safest comments to make about novels is on the theme. Everyone is entitled to extract a theme based upon his understanding of the novel. Theme may be the most democratic elements in literature, because its defi
49、nition is the least restrictive. The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight. Being an idea or an insight, the theme should be abstract and it should generalize about life. Labeled as controlling or central, the theme should be capable of unifying the whole novel. So the theme of a story, then, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. II. Clarification about Theme Common as it is, theme suffers some misunderstandings. One misconception about theme is that each novel has a theme or themes, or theme is important to al
