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1、2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Though not biologically related, friends are as “rela
2、ted” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends a
3、nd unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the 8 our kin.”The study 9 fo
4、und that the genes for small were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working togethe
5、r that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional Kinship” of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes to be evolution 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with soc
6、ial environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply explain peoples 18 to be friend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken
7、from the same population. 1. Awhat Bwhy Chow Dwhen2. Adefended Bconcluded Cwithdrawn Dadvised3. Afor Bwith Cby Don4. Aseparated Bsought Ccompared Dconnected 5 .Atests Bobjects Csamples Dexamples 6. AInsignificant Bunexpected Cunreliable Dincredible7. Avisit Bmiss Cknow Dseek8. Asurpass Binfluence Cf
8、avor Dresemble9. Aagain Balso Cinstead Dthus10.AMeanwhile BFurthermore CLikewise DPerhaps11.Aabout Bto Cfrom Dlike12.Alimit Bobserve Cconfuse Ddrive13.Aaccording to Brather than Cregardless of Dalong with14.Achances Bresponses Cbenefits Dmissions15.Afaster Bslower Clater Dearlier16.Aforecast Brememb
9、er Cexpress Dunderstand17.Aunpredictable Bcontributory Ccontrollable Ddisruptive18.Atendency Bdecision Carrangement Dendeavor19.Apolitical Breligious Cethnic Deconomic20.Asee Bshow Cprove DtellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below
10、each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings dont abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat h
11、is words and stand down. So, dies the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public
12、 opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity polarized. And so, the Middle East expected
13、, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but re
14、spected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside, symbolic of national unity as they claimed to be, their very historyand sometimes the way they behave today - embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economist
15、s are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to
16、abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes
17、 monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charle
18、s, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service - as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows,
19、it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraph, King Juan Carl of Spain _.A used to enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among European royalsC cased his relationship with his rivalsD ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kep
20、t as head of state in Europe mostly _. A owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and reality C to give voters more public figures to look up to D due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to P
21、aragraph 4? A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth. B The role of the nobility in modern democracies. C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families. D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles _. A takes a tough line on
22、 political issues B fails to change his lifestyle as advised. C takes republicans as his potential allies D fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedB Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne C Carlos, a
23、Lesson for All European MonarchsD Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person duri
24、ng an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new a
25、nd rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californi
26、as lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocket book, of an arrestee without a warran
27、t. But exploring ones smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much t
28、he easier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establi
29、shment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court, will work out whether, during an a
30、rrest, it is legitimate to _.A search for suspects mobile phones without a warrantB check suspects phone contents without being authorizedC prevent suspects from deleting their phone contentsD prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one
31、 of _.A toleranceB indifferenceC disapprovalD cautiousness28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comparable to _.A getting into ones residenceB handing ones historical recordsC scanning ones correspondencesD going through ones wallet29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows hi
32、s concern that _.A principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.D citizens privacy is not effective protected.30. Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that _. Athe Constitution should be implemen
33、ted flexibly.BNew technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.CCalifornias argument violates principles of the Constitution.DPrinciples of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor
34、-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in o
35、ur journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board
36、of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application
37、of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primaril
38、y an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places tha
39、t may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, fo
40、r the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statist review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Profession
41、al scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who a
42、re statistically literature and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weaknes is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the papers that need scrutiny in the first place”.31. It can be learne
43、d from Paragraph I that _.A Science intends to simplify its peer-review processB journals are strengthening their statistical checksC few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysisD lack of data analysis is common in research projects32. The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in meani
44、ng to _.AfoundBrevisedCmarkedDstored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may _.Apose a threat to all its peersBmeet with strong oppositionCincrease Sciences circulationDset an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now _.A adds to re
45、searchers workloadB diminishes the role of reviewersC has room for further improvementD is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC Data Analysis Fi
46、nds Its Way onto Editors DesksD Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “its us, human beings, we the peop
