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1、Greek Culture希腊罗马第一章1. The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Romanelement and Judeo-Christian element. 2. The Trojan War was fought by The Greeks and The Trojans. 3. The two most famous polises城邦 in Ancient Greece are Sparta and Athens.斯巴达和雅典。Sparta ：battles,war machine.武力统治； Athens：
2、democracy民主，市民社会4. Alexander亚历山大统治之前希腊从没有是一个完整的国家。5. The 5th century B.C. closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta in Greece.5. The Homers epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. Drama6. Greek Drama performed in open-air theatres.actors wear masks面具.chorus合唱7. The tragedian of Ancient Greece: S
3、ophocles Euripides Aeschylus8. Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯-“the father of tragedy注意和下面喜剧之父对比”,he wrote play Prometheus Bound.9. Sophocless work is Oedipus the King . 奥狄浦斯王 the Oedipus Complex.恋母情结10. Aristophanes阿里斯托芬 -“the father of comedy”History11. Herodotus -“Father of History”,recording the origin and proce
4、ss of the Greco-Persian Wars.12. Thucydides-“the father of scientific history”Work-History of the Peloponnesian War.Philosophy and Science13. Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯-the founder of scientific mathematics.解析几何创始者“Everything is made of numbers.”勾股定理他创的。14. Heraclitus赫拉克利特-“The only thing that does not change,
5、 is change itself.”唯物主义。You cannot step twice into the same river. Fire 是宇宙之源15. Democritus德谟克利特-atoms: “indivisible units”原子论16. Euclid-欧几里得-“father of geometry” Elements。Deduction 归纳演绎17. Archimedes阿基米德。The principle of the lever杠杆原理。Give me a place to stand,and I will move the world.给我一个支点，我将翘起一个
6、地球。 Principle of buoyancy浮力18. Socrates-asking and answering questions .问答来解决问题，诘问法 the dialectical method of inquiry. Dialogues对话录。19. Plato established the school Academy and his student Aristotle founded Lyceum学会.亚里士多德在柏拉图的Academy里学习多年。 Platos Work-Republic.理想国 According to Aristotle, mans aim in
7、 life is happiness.20. 简答会考为什么柏拉图是理想主义吗？在练习册第八页。21. 苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师，柏拉图是亚里士多德的老师。22. The ways that Aristotle is different from his teacher Plato!AristotlePlatoEmphasis on direct observation of nature; insisted that theory should follow fact.对事物直接观察，尊重事实Reliance on subjunctive thinking主观思考Form (idea) and
8、 matter together made up concrete individual realities.形而下学Ideas had a higher reality than the physical world形而上学Pottery瓷器black-figure style:black figures on red background red-figure style:red figures on black background Greek impact: spirit of innovation, supreme achievement, lasting effect.Roman
9、CultureRoman history21. The Origin of Rome:Virgil -Aeneid She-wolf22. The year 27 B.C,The republic was changed into the Roman Empire.23. A Brief History of the Roman Empire（罗马帝国之前是共和国republic时期）:Pax Romana 罗马和平Augustus统治时期 Civil Wars24. The Eastern Roman Empire, however, continued to exist for about
10、 1000 years, until it was finally destroyed by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.25. Many modern civil law systems in Europe are heavily influenced by Roman law. 罗马法罗马法和pax romana罗马和平是罗马人对欧洲文化的贡献Latin Literature28. Cicero西塞罗,he is a orator雄辩家，演讲家.Ciceronian:powerful and eloquent雄辩的 style.29. Augustus empero
11、r 30. Julius Caesar became dictator 独裁者 “I came, I saw, I conquered”31. Architecture was built during the Roman period: the Pantheon帕特农神殿 the Colosseum 斗兽场 Pont du Gard 啥子输水道32. Although Roman sculpture initially copied much from Greek sculpture，more emphasized the individual.33. Roman Culture V.S.
12、Greek culture!13页练习册CommonDifference1.Idea of the citizen-assembly2. hostile to monarchy敌对君主统治3.Religion神明的名字、神话的融合4.languagesGreekRomanVast empireOrganizational powerOlder and richer artistic and intellectual inheritance智力遗产34, Virgil 写了 Aeneid.第二部分：基督教1.The first five books of the Old Testament ca
13、lled Pentateuch.摩西五书： Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy Among all the religions by which people seek to worship,Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 2. It was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity.3. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Pales
14、tine.巴勒斯坦.34是犹太教和基督教的联系。犹太教和基督教的不同：a.Judaism recognizes only the Old Testament; Christianity recognizes both the Old and the New Testament. b. Judaism:三位一体： the father, the son ,the holy spirit. 而基督教是三者综合一起Unity. C. Judaists 要求circumcision割礼，基督教徒不要求； d. Judaism只接受Jews犹太人作为信徒，基督教接收任何相信他的人accept anyon
15、e who is willing to believe.4. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew.希伯来The ancestors of the Jews were the Hebrews,it means “wanderers”.5. The Hebrews major contribution to world civilization was Judaism.6. The legends and history of the early Hebrews:the creation of the world and human
16、 beingsthe fall of man：Adam and Eve 亚当和夏娃。Eden伊甸园Noahs Ark诺亚方舟Abrahams covenant 契约with God。上帝让Abraham只信仰他，就封给他一个土地，就是Palestine。当时叫做Canaan迦南Exodus led by Moses .Moses这个人是Hebrew的领导者，见了埃及法老，说耶和华想让希伯来人离开印度，于是导致大批离去Exodus.The Ten Commandments 十诫 Return to Canaan, known as the Israelites返回到迦南，现在以色列的地理位置7.
17、 The Christian Bible includes the Old Testament and the New Testament.8. the Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.The New Testament is the doctrine of Jesus Ghrist.9. Jesus Christ:the founder Christianity,His life and deeds are recorded in the first four books of the New Testament (Matthew
18、, Mark, Luke, and John), which are called the four Gospels.真理信条10. Jesus was born into a poor carpenters 木匠family.Jesus had never dreamed of founding a cosmopolitan 世界性的religion of all peoples.At the beginning, Christianity was but an insignificant sect 不起眼的宗教within Judaism.11. Jesus was betrayed by
19、 Juda.被犹大背叛。最后的晚餐。12. Jesus was crucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.被钉在十字架上（因为他定义自己为the son of God）13. St. Paul,traveling extensively, establishing churches all around the empire, attracting (both Jewish and gentile) believers, writing letters.14. Four parts of the New Testa
20、ment:four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John);Acts (by Luke);Epistles;Revelation (by John)第三部分欧概之中世纪：The Middle Ages commonly dated from the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century.Feudalism(封建主义) in Europe was mainly a system of holding land in exchange for milit
21、ary service(兵役).The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor(庄园).Knighthood and Code of chivalry(骑士地位和骑士规约)In the literature, the knight is the symbol of courage, loyalty.P94:(倒数第八行) As a knight, he was 练习册30页上2：骑士精神Church and Monasticism In 1054, the church was divided into the Roman C
22、atholic church (罗马天主教会)and the eastern Orthodox church(东正教). The word “catholic” meant “universal”.The three classes of people under feudalism in Western Europe: Great Scholar Father of Church, whose work is generally considered orthodox正统的.是一些修道院的隐士：monasteries and convents Crusades The Crusades or
23、iginally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem 耶路撒冷and the Holy Land from Muslim rule十字军东征为了收复圣地The impact of Crusades 1.They bought the East into closer contact with the West. 2、 They helped to break down feudalism. 3、They helped to shift peoples attention from religious ideals to the desire for we
24、alth or power. 4、They resulted in renewing peoples interest in learning and invention。见练习册31页下：有可能出大题？Learning and ScienceCharlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire. “Emperor of the Romans”-被教皇们尊称Carolingian Renaissance:上面那个人建修道
25、院、翻译经典文献什么的导致的卡洛林文艺复兴St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism (中世纪的经院哲学)Saint Thomas Aquinas, was a priest(神父) of the Roman Catholic Church, and an influential philosopher(哲学家) and theologian(神学家) in the tradition of scholasticism effort to harmonize faith and reason.这货是意大利的Roger Bacon(培根) was an Englis
26、h philosopher who placed emphasis on empiricism(经验论). He is credited as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific research. Literature （文学）Dante Alighieri (但丁) was the greatest poet of Italy. His masterpriece, The Divine Comedy(神曲), is one of the landmarks of world literature.
27、The Divine Comedy is often considered one of the greatest Christian poem composed in the Italian language, expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.意大利的Geoffrey Chaucer, he is best remembered for his unfinished The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集, which contains 24 tales told
28、by a group of pilgrims(朝圣者) on their journey to Canterbury. The father of English literature.英国的the first modern poet in English literatureArchitecture (建筑)Romanesque architecture(罗马式建筑)is characterized by semi-circular arches(半圆形拱门), and evolving into the Gothic style.Combining features of Western
29、Roman and Byzantine buildings, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, its thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers坚固的桥墩？, groin vaults交叉拱顶, large towers and decorative arcading.拱饰Gothic architecture (哥特式建筑)flourished during the high and late medieval period.； start in FranceIts char
30、acteristic features include the pointed arch and the huge, ornate华丽的, round, stained glass windows.尖顶、和华丽厚重染了色的玻璃窗子第四部分欧概文艺复兴部分一、general introduction1. Renaissance period: 14th and 17th century2. Revival in Greek and Roman; humanism(人文主义是文艺复兴的核心思想)3. Started in Florence and Venice 国家 start in Italy.
31、4. 对以下国家主要影响的方面：Italy :fine arts; France: literature; England: philosophy and drama.二、文艺复兴之Italy5. background: Medici;bank family; 在the Republic of Florence时代下崛起（米蒂奇家族） 选择意大利作为文艺复兴发源地的原因：国外贸易foreign trade 使意大利的economy快速发展。积累了wealth 财富。5. Humanism: At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the a
32、ssertion（主张） of the greatness of man.Belief in the promotion of wealth, pleasure and a frank admiration for the beauty of human body.(人文主义的要素)Shift mans interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from beauty of God, and the House of God to the beauty o
33、f the human body.6. Giovanni Boccaccio(薄伽丘)：humanist著作：the Decameron（十日谈）；主要内容：七女三男逃离黑死病Black death 的路上，讲了很多故事。目的：praise of true love and wisdom, 讽刺贵族。7. Francesco Petrarch(彼特拉克)：Father of Humanism(人文主义之父)Lyrical poetry(抒情诗)；sonnets（十四行诗）;Laura(诗歌灵感的来源对象)：mortal beauty（歌颂凡人的美丽）8. 可能的简答题：How did Ital
34、ian Renaissance art break away from medieval tradition?( 意大利文艺复兴艺术如何从中世纪传统中走出？)135页答：1. Art broke away from the domination of the church; separate strata(艺术从教会的支配中走出，艺术家成为独立的社会阶层。) 2.themes of paintings change from purely celestial realm(天界，上帝，耶稣什么的) to nature and man （绘画主题的改变）3. put many of the pri
35、nciples of ancient civilization into art works. (吸收希腊罗马文明投入艺术创作中)4. introduce in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective(将解剖学等科学观点投入到创作中) 具体答案见练习册399. Giotto A more realistic depiction(叙述) of space； Frescos(壁画)：paint on stories of the Bible; 作品风格：massive（雄伟） 作品：Flight into Egypt;
36、Betrayal of Judas.10. Filippo Brunelleschi绘画 透视 方法的引入：a systematic use of perspective.Build the dome for the cathedral in Florence.(为佛罗伦萨的教堂提出圆屋顶设计)11. Donatello研究古物antiquity 将其古元素用于创作；engaged in anatomy. 解剖学。作品：David(注意与米开朗基罗的大卫比较)；The Gattamelata Equestrian Statue 12. Leonardo da Vinci Polymath（全能
37、）；主张：好的画家要具备两要素：paint man; intention of his soul主要作品：Last Supper 最后的晚餐Mona Lisa 蒙娜丽莎；Virgin of the Rocks岩洞圣母（注意与拉斐尔的圣母图进行比较）13. Michelangelo Buonarroti 米开朗基罗Freed himself from the old tradition of decoration and documentary realism.将自己从旧传统中解放，注重纪实。Express his vision of man, mans beauty, mans nobilit
38、y, his own anguish and his own energy. 主要作品：David: Dying Slave Moses Sistine Chapel 西斯廷教堂 14. Raphael 拉斐尔Perfection , grace, exquisite harmony and balance著名作品：Madonna系列（注意岩洞圣母的区别） 著名作品二： School of Athens:主要人物：Plato and Aristotle(柏拉图和亚里士多德)15. Titian: painter主要特色：using of colors.作品：Man with the Glove
39、 戴手套的男人； The Venus of Urbino(注意与 Giorgione 的 sleeping venus的区别)左边为Titian ;右边为Giorgione.16. 宗教改革reformation 的领袖 Martin LutherGerman; his doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.95 these(九十五条论纲)， make open protests 公开抗议教廷Translation of the Bible 将圣经翻译为德语17. Martin Luther 的地
40、位? 练习册 44页 ：fighter, humanist, writer.三、Renaissance in France18. notable development显著的发展： （1）beginning of the absolutism绝对主义？（2）importing of new techniques and artistic forms.新技术艺术的引进（3） elaboration of new codes of sociability and etiquette 啥意思不懂19. 著名的writer之 Francois Rabelais 拉伯雷 作品： Gargantua an
41、d Pantagruel 巨人传 （两父子的故事） Praise the greatness of man; love of life; humanist learning.20. Montaigne Essais(Essays) 论文集很出名。 展示人生观点。 最出名的skeptical remark: Que sais-je(What do I know?)格言 Of Repentance(其中一篇的题目)四、Spain 的文艺复兴21. 文学之Cervantes 塞万提斯 著名作品：唐吉可德 Don Quixote； 是一篇parody 讽刺satirizing a very popul
42、ar type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry骑士； more than 700 characters; the father of the modern European novel。五英国的文艺复兴Cultural and artistic movement; 16th century to 17th century; the age of Shakespare; the Elizabethan era.22. 背景：War of Roses; The Church of England was re-establish
43、ed.23. Thomas MoreUtopia 乌托邦 构建一个ideal理想社会 imaginary island nation, frictional island.24.William Shakespeare莎士比亚Tragedies:悲剧作品： Hamlet哈姆雷特；As You Like It 就像你喜欢的？这翻译对么？ Othello奥赛罗； King Lear 李尔王； Macbeth 麦克白 (四大悲剧有木有)； Anthony Cleopatra.还有十四行诗 sonnets. 韵脚是哪个选项？妹的六、其他乱七八糟的25.Geographical Discoveries 地
44、理大发现Christopher Columbus哥伦布 New world, 1492, explore the coast of Central America.Bartholomeu Disa迪亚士：the Cape of Good Hope 好望角 1487Vasco da Gama 达伽马： the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope. 1497 and1498Amerigo Vespucci： 美国名字命名来源； 发现了the mouth of the Amazon亚马逊and accept South America as new
45、continent.26. Dante 但丁： Divine Comedy 神曲27. 估计另一个大题：文艺复兴的significance 重要性： It was the rebirth of culture and knowledge, and the revival of classical time, Greek and Roman mythology was inspiration for many; Artists used new technique in their paintings such as linear perspective and anatomy; It was
46、a significant change from the ignorance of the Middle Ages; It dismissed the domination power of feudalism 封建主义and led to the modern era; It lifted the restriction of the authorities of Roman Catholic church. 28. 其他大题：课后习题（有些答案在练习册上） 总估计有：文艺复兴重要性；为什么意大利是文艺复兴发源地；意大利文艺复兴如何从中世纪传统中走出；宗教改革重要性练习册47（老师没咋讲，可能比较小）；其他就是某些艺术家让你评点了吧？其他暂时木想到。
