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1、虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。If I were you, Id take them away. 如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。 If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him. 如果我碰见了李华，我就告诉他了。 If I had time, I could come to help you. 如果我有时间，我会来帮助你的。He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups. 他建议说我们的
2、班应该分成五个小组。He speaks to us as if he had been there. 他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。 虚拟(条件)语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面四类假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主语谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词的过去式(be用were而不用was)would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形与过去事实相反had+ -ed分词would(第一人称可用should)+have + -ed分词与将来事实相反were to + 动词原形would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形与将来事实可能相反should + 动词原形would(第一人称可用sh
3、ould)+动词原形虚拟语气的用法 1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。 May you be happy. 祝你幸福。 May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！You go out！ 你出去！ 2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。动词 wish, suggest, order, insist, propose, advice,maintain, suggest (建议), recommend (推荐)
4、, advise (劝告), propose (建议)insist (坚持), consent (允诺)decide (决定), order (命令)request (要求), demand (要求), desire (期望), ask (要求)maintain (主张), urge (催促) “should+动词原形”等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望、要求。I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。I wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他。He insisted that al
5、l of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，should 可以省略。The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服
6、。3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。 在句型 It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that . 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形 Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。 Its natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。 Its important that we should take good care ofthe patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中。
7、 虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的从句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在、过去和将来。 A与现在事实相反的： If I (we, you, he, they)+ 动词过去式. if I (he, she) were. I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you, they) would + 动词原形。B与过去事实相反的： If I(we, you ,he, they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。He (you, they) would + have + 过去分词。If I were you
8、, I should buy it. 如果我是你，我就买了它。If I had time, I would study French. 如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。 If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。 If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。If it were fine tomorrow, I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。 注意: 有
9、关虚拟语气的几个问题* 1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略if，而把从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面。 Were she younger, she would do it . 如果她年青点， 她就会干的。 Had he known her address, he would had gone to visit her. 如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。 I could help you. 我本来可以帮助你。If I had time. 我要有时间该多好啊！ She shou
10、ld have come to the party. 她应该来参加聚会。 If he had much more money. 如果他有更多的钱就能.。 3) 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。 If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。 If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。 1.I suggest that
11、 we (should 可省略,下同) start the meeting at once.(suggest, should + start) (表示建议立即开会)2.The doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight. (suggested, should + try) (表示建议你应该减肥喔)3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any mains.(insisted, should + be) (表示坚持,无论如何都要准时到那儿。你再讲也
12、没用哩！)4. He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.(insisted, should + tell) (表示非要你告诉他不可)5. He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week bythemselves. (ordered, should + wash) (表示命令学生们每周自己洗衣服)注意注意注意！虚拟语气在其他句型中的使用：1. 用在与without, but for, but, otherwise短语连用的句型中：例句：The ship wou
13、ld have sunk with all on board but for efforts of the captain.The rescue arrived in time, otherwise They would have been frozen to death.2. 用在Its time 句型中：Its time that 主语+动词过去式Its time that I went to school and picked up my daughter.3. 在句型as if /though+主语+动词过去式/were/had done 例句：He looked at me as i
14、f I were mad .“I wish people would find out the facts,” she says, “ and not act as if I were a bad or dangerous person.”It looks as if its going to rain.4. 用在If only 句型中：表示：要是该多好啊！（1）If only you hadnt told Jackie what I said, everything would have been all right.（2）If only you would listen to reason
15、.一般现在时1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。3)表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过
16、去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。二、一般过去时1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago,the other day, in 1982等。例如：Where did you g
17、o just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。3)句型：It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。It is time th
18、at sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如：Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。三、一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗
19、?2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。3)be +to表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们
20、下星期六讨论这份报告。4)be about to +动词原形，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京注意1、一般现在时表示将来1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。2)在
21、时间或条件句中。例如：When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。2、用现在进行时表示将来下列动词come, go, arrive, leave等现在进行时可以表示将来：Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。四、现在进行时a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话
22、时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：You are always changin
23、g your mind. 你老是改变主意。五、过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。难点释疑：when作并列连词，表示“(这时)突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如： .I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇见了他。We were playing ou
24、tside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。六、将来进行时1)表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：Shell be coming soon. 她会很快来的。Ill be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by thistime，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, Ill be
25、 lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。注意：“主将从现原则”，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时(代替一般将来时)When, as soon as, if,等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：He is going to visit her aunt t when he arrives in Beijing.他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。七、现在完成时a. 现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响，后面通常不用时间状语，但句中常出现already, just,yet等副词。如：Someone has broken the window.
26、有人把窗户打破了。Ive just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗?注：already和yet用法上的区别already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如：b. 现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作，状态一直持续到现在，常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。如： I have learned English for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing sinc
27、e he was born.注：(1) for和since引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间从句(从句中常用一般过去时)。(2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few years, this week (month, year), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。如：Tom has had a toothache all day.I havent heard from him recently.(3)现在完
28、成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情，常和often, ever, never, before, once,times等时间状语连用。如： .Ive never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.难点释疑：1.点动词与延续性动词的区别 .所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive,join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I have bought a book.我买了一本书。 .Ive had th
29、is book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。2. have got的含义 .have got形式上是现在完成时，却和have是同一个意思She has got a slight temperature. She has a slighttemperature.她有点发烧。3、用于现在完成时的句型It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first ti
30、me (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。八、过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。如：By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：I had
31、 been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。(3)叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didnt know a
32、 thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。(5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：.He said that he had known he
33、r well.他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。(6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中，例如：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。She didnt go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan,intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。
34、例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。(8)过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second,etc) time (that)等固定句型中。例如： .Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众
35、就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。九、将来完成时a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reachedShanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了一语法重点串讲语法是三级英语统考的一个重点，它将
36、体现在所有五个题型中，但重点将集中在以下几个方面。1、时态：常用的1011种 2、语态：被动语态3、情态动词 4、虚拟语气 5、动词的非谓语形式三种 6、各种从句（主、宾、表、定、状、同位语从句） 7、主谓一致8、倒装句 9、强调句 10、附加疑问句第一章 语法重点串讲 第一节 动词的时态考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及have （has）been, have（has）gone的区别；过去完成时的时间状语；将来完成时。一、一般现在式：1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usua
37、lly, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。例：I dont think you are right.我以为你错了。4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。（1）They will go home for winter vocat
38、ion as soon as they _their exams.A. have finishedB. finishC. finishedD. was finishing（答案：B）（1996年22题）（2）When the mixture _, it will give off a powerful force.A. will heatB. will be heatedC. is heatedD. has heated（答案：C）（1992年59题）二、一般过去时：1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years o
39、ld等。例：Youve already missed too many classes this term .You _ two classes just last week.A. missedB. would missC. had missedD. have missed（答案：A。有具体的时间状语要用过去时。）（1995年59题）2、used to do sth：过去常常做例：I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。）3、it is high time（that）句型中，谓语动词用过去时。例：Dont you
40、 think it is time you _ smoking?A. give upB. gave upC. would give upD. should give up（答案：B）（1999年31题）三、一般将来时1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？3、be to +动词原形： 表示安排或计划好了的动作。例：The T
41、hird-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.三环路将在国庆节前通车。4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。5、例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。6、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive， leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jina
42、n tonight. 外宾今晚到达济南。四、过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。例：He wanted to know when the conference would start.他想知道会议何时开始。五、现在进行时1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。例：The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。例：I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。六、过去进行时1、表示在过去某一段时间正在
43、进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。2、when 和while 的用法（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _tennis.A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played（答案：A。连接词when 表示时间上的点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。）（1998年43题）（2）When you _ th
44、is over with her, you should not see her any more.A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking（答案为B）（1999年35题）（3）One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping（答案为D）（1996年23题）3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去
45、某时间看将来要发生的动作。例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。七、现在完成时1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, now, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关上了）（2）I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。）2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用）。（1）He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了。（现在还住在这儿）（2）Theyve known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。（现在还继续来往）3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is +时间+since.（过去时）英语中有些动词不能延续， 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。（1）He has _ the army for ten years and is now
