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1、TOEFL READING Final十大题型解题方法,认识托福阅读考什么？,托福阅读考试简介,四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。,认识托福阅读怎么考？,词汇句子理解句间关系文章结构 托福阅读是以句子为核心的考试(单词+句法),词汇题指代题 事实信息题（细节题）否定事实信息题（选非题）句子简化题推断题 修辞目的题（作者意图题）句子插入题文章小结题/图表题,考查重点,十大题型,词汇题,
2、出题方式The word“X”in the passage is closest in meaning to 考查关键理解单词在语境中的含义词汇量要求 8000+背单词！词汇题做法,背单词！,Paleontologist Paleontology,SkeletonSkullFossilfossilizeStrata,DinosaurTrilobiteArthropodJurassicCretaceousCambrian,SedimentSpineInvertebrateCold-bloodedWarm-blooded,stresseddesserts,PotteryPorcelainCeram
3、icsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentSproutOreKiln,词根词缀各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）一次大量，多次重复词以类记美剧、电影情景记忆,不会背背了忘，忘了背，循环往复在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它,词汇题解题技巧,认识直接选+带回文章确认选不出通过词义褒贬色彩判断+带回文章确认不认识词根词缀回文章找同、反义对应,认识褒义色彩,TPO 1-2-1.The word“championed”in the passage is closest in meaning to changed debated created suppor
4、ted,认识褒义色彩,TPO 1-2-1.The word“championed”in the passage is closest in meaning to changed debated created supported,认识贬义色彩,TPO 3-3-10.The word“pales”in the passage is closest in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is common,认识贬义色彩,TPO 3-3-10.The word“pales”in the passage is
5、 closest in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is common,词根词缀,TPO 1-1-7.The word“overlie”in the passage is closest in meaning to cover change separate surround,词根词缀,TPO 1-1-7.The word“overlie”in the passage is closest in meaning to cover change separate surroundover 在上面 l
6、ie 躺着 覆盖,同义概念,TPO 3-3-1.The word“particular”in the passage is closest in meaning to natural final specific complexand their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.,同义概念,TPO 3-3-1.The word“particular”in the passage is closest in meaning to natural final specific complexand t
7、heir particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.,反义概念,TPO 6-3-2.The word“plausible”in the passage is closest in meaning to flexible believable debatable predictableAnother seemingly plausible explanationthat infants do not form enduring memories at this point in developmentalso
8、 is incorrect.,反义概念,TPO 6-3-2.The word“plausible”in the passage is closest in meaning to flexible believable debatable predictableAnother seemingly plausible explanationthat infants do not form enduring memories at this point in developmentalso is incorrect.,指代题,出题方式The word“X”in the passage refers
9、to考查关键单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握）应对技巧往前找，两个一致数量单、复数性质动作发出者的特性,非代词,TPO 1-1-5.The phrase“glacial outwash”in the passage refers to fast rivers glaciers the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting the particles carried in water from melting glaciersThe water was always laden with pebbl
10、es,gravel,and sand,known as glacial outwash,that deposited-particlessand grains and tiny pebbles,非代词,TPO 1-1-5.The phrase“glacial outwash”in the passage refers to fast rivers glaciers the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting the particles carried in water from melting glaciers-The water
11、was always laden with pebbles,gravel,and sand,known as glacial outwash-particlessand grains and tiny pebbles,代词,TPO 1-2-5.The word“this”in the passage refers to the acting out of rites the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society the separation of myths from rites the celebration of sup
12、ernatural forcesBut the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.When this occurs,代词,TPO 1-2-5.The word“this”in the passage refers to the acting out of rites the divorce of
13、 ritual performers from the rest of society the separation of myths from rites the celebration of supernatural forcesBut the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.When t
14、his occurs,细节题,出题方式According to the paragraph,which of the following is true of X?The authors description of X mentions which of the following?According to the paragraph,X occurs becauseAccording to the paragraph,X did Y becauseAccording to the paragraph,why did X do Y?变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节
15、题True，原因，关系,细节题,考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化常见错误选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问,做题技巧准确理解题干根据题干中的关键词定位原文读取原文相关信息（通常1-2句话）判断选项正误题干 原文 选项,Example 1.,TPO 3-3-6.According to paragraph 4,which of the following is true of climax communities?They are more resilient than pioneer communities.They can be considered bo
16、th the most and the least stable communities.They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.,Paragraph 4:The question of ecosystem stability is complicated,however.The first problem is that ecologi
17、sts do not all agree what“stability”means.Stability can be defined as simply lack of change.In that case,the climax community would be considered the most stable,since,by definition,it changes the least over time.Alternatively,stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to
18、a particular form following a major disturbance,such as a fire.This kind of stability is also called resilience.In that case,climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable,since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.,Example 1.定位 CC,Example 1.读懂原文,In tha
19、t case,the climax community would be considered the most stableIn that case,climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable,Example 1.选出答案,They are more resilient than pioneer communities.（信息杂糅）They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.They are stable be
20、cause they recover quickly after major disturbances.（直接相反）They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.（直接相反）,Example 2.,TPO 8-2-1.According to paragraph 1,which of the winters were very cold.following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?Summers were very warm a
21、nd Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.The climate was very similar to todays climate.The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.,Example 2.定位 LC climate,Paragraph 1:Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was cau
22、sed by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.Off and on throughout the Cretaceous(the last period of the Mesozoic era,during which dinosaurs flourished),large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents.Dat
23、a from diverse sources,including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments,indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than todays.The days were not too hot,nor the nights too cold.The summers were not too warm,nor the winters too frigid.The shallow seas on the continents probabl
24、y buffered the temperature of the nearby air,keeping it relatively constant.,Example 2.读懂原文,the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than todays milder 更温和,Example 2.选出答案,Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.（直接相反）Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.（答非所问）Th
25、e climate was very similar to todays climate.（信息杂糅）The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.did not change dramatically=milder,定位&.转化,定位好找原则手比眼快题干中的 X有特点的词,转化同意转化侧面转化概括转化,选项,Example 3.,TPO 9-1-11.According to paragraph 5,the most recent geologic research provides support for a f
26、irst colonization of America dating as far back as 16,000 years ago14,000 years ago 12,500 years ago 10,000 years ago,Example 3.通过选项特征定位,Paragraph 5:The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals,such as caribou and brown bears,have bee
27、n found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago.This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans.It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears,there would have
28、been enough food resources to support humans.Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age,possibly as early as 14,000 years ago.The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possibl
29、e for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.,Example 3.,TPO 9-1-11.According to paragraph 5,the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far
30、 back as 16,000 years ago14,000 years ago 12,500 years ago 10,000 years ago,定位原则补充通过选项一致性定位,选非题,与细节题直接相反考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化 表述正确的三个选项对原文的转化选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问,选非题,出题方式以NOT和EXCEPT为标志NOT true 一般直接相反allEXCEPT 答非所问，信息杂糅，直接相反NOT mentioned 无中生有，信息杂糅,Example 4.NOT true,TPO 3-3-2.According to p
31、aragraph 1,which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?They occur at the end of a succession.They last longer than any other type of community.The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.,Example 4.根据题干找CC,Paragr
32、aph 1:Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly,and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.Ecologists use the term“succession”to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time.The first community in a succession is called a pioneer
33、 community,while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community.Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years.These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative.Climax communities themselves change but o
34、ver periods of time greater than about 500 years.,Example 4.NOT true,TPO 3-3-2.According to paragraph 1,which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?They occur at the end of a succession.They last longer than any other type of community.The numbers of plants in them and the mix of specie
35、s do not change.（直接相反）They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.,Example 4.根据选项定位原文,Paragraph 1:Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly,and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.Ecologists use the term“succession”to refer to the changes that happen i
36、n plant communities and ecosystems over time.The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community,while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community.Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years.These cha
37、ngesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative.Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.,Example 5.EXCEPT,TPO10-1-5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:The earliest high-
38、fired ceramics were of poor quality.Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stoneware were.The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.,Paragraph 3:The
39、 earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures,but as early as the fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stoneware were being made with glazed surfaces.During the Six Dynasties period(AD 265-589),kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality.White ware produced
40、 in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty(AD.960-1279),long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods
41、 but is less clearly delineated than that of stoneware or porcelains,for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty,three-color lead-glazed vessels and figur
42、es of the Tang dynasty,and Ming three-color temple ornaments,in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slipas well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.,Example 5.EXCEPT,TPO10-1-5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the followi
43、ng concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stoneware were.The Song dynasty perio
44、d was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.,Example 5.根据选项定位原文,Paragraph 3:The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures,but as early as the fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stoneware were being made with glazed surfaces.During the Six Dynasties period(
45、AD 265-589),kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality.White ware produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty(AD.960-1279),long regarded as one of the high points in the histo
46、ry of Chinas ceramic industry.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stone ware or porcelains,for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.Ceramic pr
47、oducts also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty,three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty,and Ming three-color temple ornaments,in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slipas well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in
48、 materials of higher intrinsic value.,Example 5.EXCEPT,TPO10-1-5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated
49、multiple colors.Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stoneware were.The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.,Example 6.NOT mentioned,TPO4-1-12Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer pop
50、ulations?A reduction in the number of predators Restrictions on hunting The effects of logging and fire Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer,Example 6.根据题干定位,Paragraph 5:The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions.First,the major predators of deerwolves,couga
