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1、_,Argumentation,_,Argumentation is the type of writing in which writers try to encourage readers to accept their point of view on a controversial issue.A piece of argumentative written work expresses the writers own idea on a subject instead of merely assembling facts.,Definition,_,To convince.Make
2、the reader agree with its point of view and support it,to persuade him to change his mind or behavior,and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.,Purpose of Argumentation,_,_,While an exposition makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand,an argumentation
3、makes the reader agree with its point of view and support it,to persuade him to change his mind or behavior,and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.,_,What type of writing should we write judging from the following titles?,Examination Harmful or Useful?My Views on Examinations
4、 Which Weighs More School Brand or Major?Why I Came to College Should Class Attendance Be Required?Laid-off Workers Have to Face Reality Internet the Indispensable of Our Life Should Euthanasia(安乐死)Be Legalized?,A,E,A,E,A,E,E,A,_,Introduction:Issue;Background information;Definition of terms.Claim:Th
5、esis statement.Body:Reasons and evidence;Emotional appeals;Refutation(反驳).Conclusion:Restatement of claim;Final appeal;Urge to take action.,Overall Structure of an Argumentation,_,The issue a controversy,a problem,or an idea about which people disagree and hold different points of view.The claim the
6、 point of view the writer tries to prove about the issue,usually the writers view on the issue.The support ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claim is sound or believable.The three common types of support are reasons,evidence and emotional appeal.,_,(1)A debatable point(2)Su
7、fficient evidence(3)Clear logic(4)An honest and friendly attitude(5)Good use of the other three types of writing description,narration,and especially the various methods of exposition.,How to write a good argumentation,_,In the opening paragraph give a well-defined theme,or clearly state your point
8、of view of the issue.It is imperative that the paper should have a debatable point something can be viewed from more than one angle and is therefore open to dispute.,1.A debatable point,_,1.Avoid mere statement of factsChinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations.Acupunct
9、ure anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations.Certain electronic equipment have been used in road control.Electronic equipment should be applied in all road control.,How to make sure you have a good thesis statement?,_,topic+your position/standAlthough many young people wou
10、ld agree that those who are old enough to vote,fight,and die for their country are old enough to drive responsibly,the drinking age should remain twenty-one because of the dangers of alcohol-related accidents and the lack of alcohol education programs.,How to write a debatable thesis statement,_,Pro
11、vide sufficient evidenceExamples concrete,illustrative,representativeFacts readily accepted,be based on personal observation Statistics avoid presenting a long list of figuresAuthorities those who are experienced and knowledgeable in certain fields Valid evidence is that which is clearly and directl
12、y connected with the point to be proved.,2.Sufficient evidence,_,From the least important to the most importantFrom the most familiar to the least familiarFrom the easiest for the reader to accept or comprehend to the most difficult,3.Clear logic,_,Inductive reasoningIs the more common way.When you
13、use induction,you start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion.In other words,you move from specific examples to a general statement.,Induction&Deduction,_,Deductive reasoning 演绎The process is just the opposite of inductive reasoning it moves from a general statement to a specific
14、 conclusion.It works on the model of syllogism（三段论法）a three-part argument in which there are two statements,known as the major premise and the minor premise,and a conclusion.,Induction&Deduction,_,Major premises:Big city can be dangerous.Major premises:New York is one of the big cities.Conclusion:Ne
15、w York can be dangerous.ORMajor premises:All human beings make mistakes.Major premises:X is a human being.Conclusion:Therefore,X makes mistakes.,Induction&Deduction,_,The purpose is to win readers to your side.By showing respect for the merit in their position,you are decreasing readers resistance t
16、o your own position.Besides,it also proves that you understand that no arguable position is absolutely right.,4.An honest and friendly attitude,_,Should University Students Go in for Business?,Practice:,_,There are two opposite views on university students trying their hands at business.One is that
17、doing business helps to adapt better to the society after graduation,while the other says it might occupy too much of the students time and energy which in turn has a negative impact on their academic study.In my opinion,as long as we can successfully strike a balance between doing business and stud
18、ying,the advantages of the former are more obvious.,Sample,_,First,it lets us put what we have learned to practice.In fact,doing business is not that easy as we have expected.It requires good communication skill,negotiation knacks(诀窍),presentation capabilities,and so on.Although we can learn all the
19、se from textbooks,they are theoretical only.And the real situations are far more complicated.As long as we put theories into practice,we can grasp their essence better.That is also why at present,more universities emphasizing on the chance to do business ourselves,why should we not have a try?,_,Sec
20、ond,it lets us adapt better to the society.It is known that it needs time to conduct the role-shifting from a student to a profession.The earlier we are able to adapt to the business environment of the society,the better it is for our future career development.At the same time,doing business is bene
21、ficial when we are trying to find a right position in the society for ourselves.,_,Last but not least,it involves other aspects too.If we can make best of our leisure time to do something we are interested in,like business,on the basis of the guarantee that academic study in the universities will no
22、t be influenced,it surely makes our campus life more colorful and meaningful.,_,Undoubtedly,doing business is full of risk.To cope it well not only needs bravery and creativity but also requires knowledge and wisdom.So,through doing business,we university students are more likely to be a high-calibe
23、r intellectual and make a greater contribution to society in future.,Writing of Argumentation,社会热点话题写作逻辑结构,Paragraph 1:(1)概括性的引出要评论的事物或观点（general）；(2)具体描述这个事物或者观点（或者是我对这个现象/事物的基本看法specific）。Paragraph 2:(1)作者对该现象或问题的基本看法，即文章的论点句；(2)支持性的细节分论点（至少两点）；(3)本段总结（可以省略）。Paragraph 3:(1)总结全文，定下结论（通常为我的对策或看法）。,_
24、,辩论式议论文模版1,Some people believe(argue,recognize,think)that 观点1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that 观点2.As for me,I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all,论据1.More importantly,论据2.Most important of all,论据3.In summary,总结观点.
25、As a college student,I am supposed to 表决心.或:From above,we can predict that 预测.,_,模版2,People hold different views about X.Some people are for the opinion that 观点1,while others point out that 观点2.As far as I am concerned,the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing,论据1.For another,论据2.Las
26、t but not the least,论据3.To conclude,总结观点.As a college student,I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above,we can predict that 预测.,_,模版3,There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some people are for the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side,firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I a
27、m concerned,the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all,论据1.Furthermore,论据2.Among all of the supporting evidences,one is the strongest.That is,论据3.A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点.As a college student,I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above,we can predict that 预测.,
