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1、张道真实用英语语法学习笔记 第二章 构词法第2章构词法 2.1.1英语的主要构词法 英语主要有下面三种构词法： 1) 转化(Conversion) 即由一个词类变为另一个词类： water 水 water 浇水(动） 2) 派生(Derivation)通过加前缀和后缀构成另一个词： happy - unhappy (加前缀） happiness (加后缀） 3) 合成(Compounding) 由两个或更多词构成一个词： wood 木 + cut 刻 woodcut 木刻 happy + go + lucky happy-go-lucky 无忧无虑 1.2 些次要的构词法 英语还有一些次要构词
2、法，如： 1 截短法一- edit编辑 2.1.3 掌握构词法的重要性 要学好英语，掌握构词法至关重要。它的主要好处是： 1) 帮助辨认词类一一通过一些词尾(即后缀)或词头(即前缀)辨别某些 词的词类： careful (带形容词词尾）细心 carelessness (带名词词尾）粗心大意 belittle (带动词词头）贬低 2) 帮助了解词义不少词头有特別意思，可以举一反三： kilogram 千克，公斤 kilometer 公里，kilowatt 千瓦 impossible 不可能 impolite 不客气，immoral 不道德 digestible 好消化 permissible 容
3、许的，collapsible 可折叠的 3) 帮助扩大词汇掌握几千基础词后，通过构词法，可以比较容易地 把词汇量扩大到一万以上。 4) 把有关词组合在一起，形成词群，就像单个人组成一个家庭似的，如: care careful careless carefully carelessly carelessness carefulness courage courageous courageously encourage encouragement discourage discouragement 这对记住这些词和使用这些词都有帮助。 5) 建立清楚的词类概念，每学一个词都要知道它的词类，并掌握与
4、它相 关的词，左引右联，很容易形成一个词汇网，这是掌握英语的第一步。 8)建立词与词的联系，大多数词都可用于几个不同的词类，如果知道各 种词类的用法，语言能力会得到更大的发展。 2.2转化 1- 2.1动词转化为名词 1) 大量动词可转化为名词，有时意思没有太大的变化： 我来试一试。 Let me have a try 我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。 We stopped there for a swim 我能看看你的论文吗？ Can I have a read of your paper? 我们听到呼叫声就跑到那里。 We heard a shout and ran to the spot.
5、 听了这悲惨的消息她哭了 一顿。 She had a cry about the sad news. 我们出去蹓了蹓。 We went for a stroll. 她吻了那女孩一下。 She gave the girl a kiss. 咱们休息一会儿。 Lets take a break. 你可以猜一猜。 You could make a guess at it. 她长叹了 一声。 She gave a long sigh. 2) 有些动词转化为名词时意思有些变化： 他们是同样身材。 They have the same build. 门钩坏了。 The catch on the door i
6、s broken. 这是一着聪明棋 It was a clever move. 我买了一包鸟饲料。 I bought a bag of bird feed. 父亲有最后的发言权。 The father has the final say. 球赛打成了 平局。 The game ended in a draw. 我们队领先两球。 Our team has a lead of two goals. 我将同意你留下。 Ill give you leave to stay. 她一下子就通过了 测试。 She passed her test at the first go. 他的心跳越来越微弱。 His
7、 heart beats were getting weaker. 3) 可以转化为名词的动词很多，常见的如： appeal beat bite break call change charge chat cry dance dread dream fall feel fight giggle grin groan kick kiss jog jump guess hug laugh lead lie look love pull push quarrel read remark respect ride ring runscream search shave shout sigh sip s
8、leep smile smoke squeeze start stay stroll swim talk try walk wash taste 2.2.2 名词转化为动词 1) 许多表示物件的名词可以转化为动词，意思也随着有些改变： 她在飞机上订 了三个座位。 She had booked three seats on the plane. 引座员让我们在前排坐下。 The usher seated us in the front row. 委员会由李将军任主席。 The committee is chaired by General Lee. 他把通知訂在黑板上。 He pinned th
9、e notice on the blackboard. 探险队将绘制南极的地图。 The expedition will map the South Pole. 警察把小偷抓到了。 The policeman bagged the thief. 你怎么能忍受她的侮辱？ How can you pocket her insults? 实验的结果列成了表放在书后。 The results of the experiments are tabled at the back of the book 设想你处于他的地位。 Picture yourself in his situation. 3) 表示身
10、体某部分的名词也可用作动词： 他的名字列在名单之首。 His name headed the list 他把那杯啤酒递给了爷爷。 He handed the glass of beer to Grandpa* 他的许多朋友都支持他的计划。 Many of his friends backed his plan. 男孩掮着那筐水果。 The boy shouldered the basket of fruits. 他让我们别摸西红柿。 He asked us not to finger the tomatoes. 一位警察怀疑地瞧着他。 A policeman eyed him suspicio
11、usly. 我不能容忍这种行为。 I cant stomach such behavior 他推挤着来到我们站的地方。 He elbowed his way to where we stood. 小狗嗅我的手臂。 The puppy nosed at my arm. 我们没搭上汽车，因此我们得步行去。 We have missed the bus, so well have to foot it. 4) 表示一类人的名词也可用作动词： 丽迪亚对她的表哥一直怀有抱怨情绪。 Lydia had always nursed a grievance against her cousin. 不要胡混了，
12、干点有益的事。 Stop fooling about and do something useful 他受警方雇用来监视其 他学生。 He is paid by the police to spy on other students. 他窜改了他护照上的内容。 He doctored the information on his passport. 他发明了许多东西。 He fathered many inventions. 在汹涌的水域中领航是困难的。 Its hard to pilot a boat in rough waters. 他们探察 了西北地区。 They pioneered t
13、he Northwest Territory. 大孩子欺压小孩子。 The older boys lord it over the younger ones. 她生了两个孩子，又领养 了一个。 She mothered two children and adopted a third. 5) 一些其他实物名词也可用作动词： 这个图书馆藏书 60 万册。 The library houses 600,000 books 他和我的朋友史密斯一起住。 He is rooming with my friend Smith. 櫻桃树早春时开花。 Cherry trees flower in the ea
14、rly spring 拳击师把对手击倒在地。 The boxer floored his opponent, 他们在那条河上筑了一道坝。 They have dammed that river up, 这笔钱应当可以帮你度过困难维持到下个月。 This money should bridge you over till next month。 他站起身把裤子上的尘土掸掉。 He got up and dusted his trousers. 她在身上擦了防晒油。 She oiled herself with suntan lotion 我饿得狼吞虎咽地吃饭。 I was so hungry t
15、hat I wolfed down my meal. 不要瞎摆弄机器。 Dont monkey with the machinery 6) 甚至某些抽象名词也可用作动词： 这事的不公平使他气愤。 The injustice of this angered him. 我渴望得到你的消息。 I am hungering for news from you, 那枚炸弹定时在午夜爆炸。 The bomb was timed to go off at midnight. 他渴望获得知识。 He thirsted for knowledge. 我们计划在意大利过冬。 We plan to winter i
16、n Italy. 我们在日内瓦湖畔避暑。 We summered by Lake Geneva, 然后我们在克努餐馆吃午饭。 Then we lunched at the Connaught Restaurant 我明天将和他一起吃早饭。 I am going to breakfast with him tomorrow. 敌人猛攻城堡。 The enemy stormed the castle. 客人有一百多。 The guests numbered more than a hundred. 形容词等转化为动词 ）有些形容词可以转化为动词： 城市又平静下来。 The city quieted
17、 down again 雪莱没法使她平静下来。 Shelley was unable to calm her down 他在十字路 口慢了下来. He slowed down at the crossroads. 请把冷肉热一下。 Please warm up the cold meat 在强烈的阳光下她只得眯上眼睛。 In the bright sunlight she had to narrow her eyes. 他们浪费了两小时什么也没干。 They idled away two hours doing nothing 他假装忙着写东西。 He pretends to busy him
18、self writing 不要把你的新衣服弄脏了。 Dont dirty your new dress. 我们必须降低开支。 We must lower our expenses. 居住条件改善了 许多。 Living conditions have bettered a great deal。 2) 还有少数其他词类也可用作动词： 他们把他的信件转寄到他的新地址。 They forwarded his mail to his new address* 这会有助于发展科学 This will help to further the sciences, 公司的雇员都罢工了。 The firms
19、employees have downed tools, 他们提高了汽油价格。 They upped the price of petrol 真相总有大白之日。 Truth will out. 我赞成这项任命。 I second the nomination. 2.2.4 些其他转化的情况 ）有些形容词可以转化为名词： 我喜欢农村的恬静。 I enjoy the quiet of the country. 她在灾难前的冷静态度令人惊讶。 Her calm in the face of disaster is amazing* 气温达到 了新的高度。 The temperature reache
20、d a new high. 本月的利润降到了新低点。 Profits have reached a new low this month. 我认为你是对的。 I think you are in the right。 请给我一张去伦敦的单程票。 A single to London, please 这座城市有四千华裔 居民。 There are about 4,000 Chinese nationals in the city 。 这是古代人的一种习俗。 This was a custom among the ancients. 他决赛输了。 He failed his finals. 很少白
21、人住在西非。 Few whites live in West Africa. 2) 有些形容词可以转化为副词： 鹰飞得很高。 The eagle flies high。 她头垂得低低的。 Her head was bent low。 她极其疲意。 She had gone dead tired。 住在小些的城市里费用低些。 You can live cheaper in the smaller towns. 他的货物卖得很贵。 He sells his goods very dear* 这一拳正打在他脸上。 The blow struck him full in the face. 春天日益临
22、近。 Spring draws near 走近一些，让我能看见你。 Come closer so that I can see you. 他车开得真慢！ How slow he drives! 你会待久吗？ Are you staying long？ 3) 还有一些其他转化情况： 他们让他再表演一次。 They asked him to give a repeat performance. 她是一个很大胆的年青女子。 She was a very forward young lady. 在战争期间我们得实行灯火管制。 During the war we had to black out all
23、 our windows. 我们把消息告诉她时，她脸都白了。 She paled when we told her the news. 他朝北走。 He walked north. 我开车送你回家。 Ill drive you home. 2.2.5 转化中语音的变化 ）大多数词转化时语音没有变化，但有些词转化时重音有变化： 动词(重音多在后面） 名词(重音多在前面) accent /absent/ 重读 /aekssnt/ 重音 combine /kambain/ 合并 kombam/康拜因(收割机） compress /kamipres/ 压紧 /丨kmnpres/止in势布 conduc
24、t /kdAkt/ 指挥 /ikoiKtokt/ 行为 conflict 与冲突 /konflikt/ 冲突 contest /kaitest/争夺，竞争 /kDntest/ 比赛 contrast /ksn丨traest/形成对比 /kontraest/ 对比 convict /ksnVikt/ 定罪 /konvikt/ 囚犯 digest /daidsest，di-/ 消化 daid3est/摘要，文摘 discount /dislaunt/ 打折扣 /diskaunt/ 折扣 escort /is丨kart/炉送 /eskal/护送人 export /ekSpa% ik-/ 出口 /ek
25、spoit/ 出口 (商品） extract /ikstraekt/ 提取 /iekstraekt/ 提取物 ferment /fsment/ 发酵 /f3:m3nt/ 酵素 import /impyt/ 进口，输入 /impat/ 进口 misprint mispnnt/ 印错 /misprint/ 印错处 increase /nVkri:s/ 增加 Ankri:s/ 增加 insult /infSAlt/ 侮辱 广insAlt/侮辱 perfume /pVQum/洒香水 /pQum/香水，香气 permit /poGyimt/ 允许 /p3:imt/许可证 present /piVzent
26、/赠送，上演 prezsnt/ 礼物 produce /pridjis/ 生产 /iprodjius/ 农产品 progress /prigres/前进，进展 protest /ipraugres/进步，进展 /protest/ 抗议 /*pr如test/抗议(行动） rebel /nbel/造反，反抗 /rebl/造反者，判乱者 record /rkDxi/记录，录音 /Vekidy记录，唱片 refill /nYiI/ 力口 (油） /ttfil/笔心 refiise /nQmz/ 拒绝 reQuis/ 垃圾 reject /r?d3ekt/拒不接受 /fri:d3ekt/不合格产品 su
27、rvey /svei/斟查，考察 /s3:vei/斟查f考察 suspect /sspekt/怀疑，疑心 /SAspekt/ 嫌疑犯 torment /to?ment/ 折磨 /丨tament, -mant/ 折磨 transfer /traens:/ 转(学)，调往 /traensf3:/ 转学，调动 transport /traensp：):运送 也有个别词作形容词时重音在前，作动词时重音在后: absent /aebssnt/ 缺席，不在 abstract /ibstraekt/ 抽象的 perfect /lp3:fekt/ 完美的 个別双音节词作两种词类时重音不变，如： comment
28、 /koment/ contact /kontaekt/ debate /dibeit/ 2) 另外有些词转换词类时，词尾读音有变化，有时拼法也有变化 作名词 abuse/ibjuis/ 辱骂 advice/sdVais/ 劝告 belief /bi1i:f/ 信仰 excuse /ikskju:s/ 借 口 grief/gri:f/ 悲痛 half/ha:f/ 半 house/haus/ 房子 abuse/bjuiz/ 辱骂 advise/sdVaiz/ 劝 believe相信 traenspwt/ 运输 excuse/ikskjuiz/ 原谅 grieve/gri:v/感到悲痛 halve
29、 /ha:v/分为两半 house/hauz/提供住所 close/kbus/ 近 close/kbuz/ 关上 张道真实用英语语法 2.3派生 2.3.1 构成名词的后缀 1) 构成名词的后缀很多，常见的有下面这些 例词 -abilitystability availability advisability capability age shortage marriage leakage drainage -al denial betrayal dismissal withdrawal an American Russian Asian African -ance attendance gu
30、idance performance assistance -ant applicant consult antimmigrant participant ary dictionary missionary boundary commentary -ate doctorate consulate electorate directorate ation examination education decoration temptation -cy accuracy efficiency privacy bureaucracy -dom freedom kingdom wisdom boredo
31、m -ee employee absentee refugee trustee -eer engineer mountaineer auctioneer profiteer euce difference existence preference diligence er driver writer reporter dancer -ery bribery embroidery mockery machinery -ese Chinese Japanese Portuguese Vietnamese -ess actress princess goddess hostess ful handf
32、ul spoonful bagful busful -hood childhood neighborhood motherhood knighthood -ian， magician musician historian mathematician -ibility possibility visibility responsibility flexibility ing feeling shopping reading sightseeing -ion action decision collection creation -ism Marxism socialism pessimism h
33、eroism Ast capitalist communist racist novelist -ity prosperity equality formality majority -let piglet booklet starlet bracelet -man fireman policeman chairman Englishman -ment arrangement government development assignment -ness happiness sadness weakness bitterness -or actor sailor director visito
34、r ry jewelry slavery bribery bravery sportsmanship -ship friendship leadership ty loyalty safety cruelty ownership penalty -ure failure departure pleasure pressure -ware software glassware silverware hardware -work housework schoolwork needlework paperwork -y modesty difficulty discovery inquiry 2)还
35、有一些次要的构成名词的后缀: 后缀 例词 -aholic，oholic bookaholic workaholic chocoholic archy anarchy monarchy hierarchy -arian librarian vegetarian -cide suicide -craft aircraft humanitarian homicide genocide hovercraft spacecraft -ette cigarette usherette kitchenette -folk menfolk countryfolk townsfolk -gram diagram
36、 telegram kilogram -graph autograph paragraph photograph hand farmhand factory-hand garage-hand -head spearhead bridgehead letterhead -ial denial burial memorial -ids arthritis hepatitis appendicitis -logue dialogue monologue catalogue -mania egomania kleptomania megalomania playmate -mate schoolmat
37、e roommate friendly orderly costly leisurely nervous dangerous -ous courageous ftirious -some troublesome lonesome tiresome quarrelsome -wide worldwide nationwide area-wide company-wide -worthy trustworthy praiseworthy noteworthy respect-worthy -y rainy windy dirty muddy 2) 还有一些次要的构成形容词的后缀： 后缀 例词 -b
38、ased market-based class-based home-based -bound duty-bound westbound London-bound self-conscious class-conscious safety-conscious -conscious -fold twofold eight-fold tenfold -free carefree tax-free pollution-free -headed hot-headed clear-headed muddle-headed -made hand-made man-made US-made -minded
39、open-minded absent-minded liberal-minded -most innermost topmost foremost -ological biological ecological ideological -poor nutrient-poor oxygen-poor resource-poor proof waterproof soundproof bullet-proof -related job-related drug-related race-related -rich carbon-rich fibre-rich protein-rich -side
40、bedside fireside riverside -sized apple-sized fist-sized postcard-sized -stricken panic-stricken horror-stricken poverty-stricken _ular muscular triangular molecular 2.3.3 些构成其他词类的后缀 1) 构成副词的后缀： 后缅 例词 -ly clearly finally gradually suddenly -down headdown belly-down face-down palm-down -first head-fi
41、rst nose-first feet-first heel-first -ward(s) homeward onward(s) westward(s) backward(s) -wise likewise clockwise length-wise anticlockwise 2)构成动词的后缀： 后缀 例词 -ate activate originate motivate hyphenate -en widen sharpen brighten sweeten -ify simplify purify notify justify -ize apologize emphasize crit
42、icize modernize 3)构成数词的后缀： 后级 teen 例词 thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen thirty forty fifty eighth thirtieth -ty twenty -th fifth twelfth 2.3.4 些较为常见的前缀 1) 可用来改变词类的前缀： a_加在名词前构成形容词或副词: asleep aboard aside ashore ablaze be- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词： befriend bewitch behead belittle bedim em- 加在名词等削构成动词： embark e
43、mbed embody empower embitter en- 加在名词前构成动词： endanger encourage enrage enforce enslave enable en- 加在形容词前构成动词： enrich enlarge ennoble endear out-加在名词或形容词前构成动词: 2) 有些前缀可用来构成反义词： de- de-emphasize decentralize demilitarize demobilize (非） decolonize dis- depoliticize dehydrate declassify dislike disbeliev
44、e distrust disagree (构成动词） disapprove disobey displease disappear dis- disbelief discontent disorder dishonour (构成名词） discomfort disobedience disrespect disadvantage dis- disloyal dishonest disinterested disorderly (构成形容词） discourteous disreputable dissimilar disproportionate il- illegal illogical i
45、lliterate illegitimate im- impatient impolite impossible immature in- incapable informal inadequate independent inability injustice inadequacy insecurity irregular ir- irresolute irresponsible irresistible mal- malnutrition maladjusted maltreatment maladministration non- non-essential non-economic n
46、on-profit non-resident non-smoker non-specialist non-violent non-competitive un- unable uncertain untidy unsafe (构成形容词） unconscious unfortunate unlucky uncomfortable un- uncertainty untidiness unhappiness unwillingness (构成名词） unacceptability unfairness unpleasantness unbelievability un- unwillingly
47、unconsciously unfairly unfortunately (构成副词） uncertainly unluckily unofficially untidily un- undress unbutton untie unlock (构成动词） unpack uncover undo unwrap unprepared unprecedented un- unexpected unfinished (构成分词） unchanging unhesitating uninviting untrusting 3) 些表示特定意思的前缀 大部分前缀都表示特定意思，较常见的有: 前缀 意思 例词 all- 純，全是 all-wool all-steel all-female all-new 各个 all-age all-season all-purpose all-weather anti-racist anti- 反，抗 anti-fascist anti-war anti-abortion anti-aircraft anti-cancer a
