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1、微分方程英文论文和翻译Differential Calculus Newton and Leibniz,quite independently of one another,were largely responsible for developing the ideas of integral calculus to the point where hitherto insurmountable problems could be solved by more or less routine methods.The successful accomplishments of these me
2、n were primarily due to the fact that they were able to fuse together the integral calculus with the second main branch of calculus,differential calculus. In this article, we establish a result about controllability to the following class of partial neutral functional dierential equations with innit
3、e delay: Dxt=ADxt+Cu(t)+F(t,xt),t0 (1) tx0=fbwhere the state variablex(.)takes values in a Banach space(E,.)and the control u(.) is given in L2(0,T,U),T0,the Banach space of admissible control functions with U a Banach space. C is a bounded linear operator from U into E, A : D(A) E E is a linear ope
4、rator on E, B is the phase space of functions mapping (, 0 into E, which will be specied later, D is a bounded linear operator from B into E dened by Dj=j(0)-D0j,jB D0is a bounded linear operator from B into E and for each x : (, T E, T 0, and t 0, T , xt represents, as usual, the mapping from (, 0
5、into E dened by xt(q)=x(t+q),q(-,0 F is an E-valued nonlinear continuous mapping on+B. The problem of controllability of linear and nonlinear systems represented by ODE in nit dimensional space was extensively studied. Many authors extended the controllability concept to innite dimensional systems i
6、n Banach space with unbounded operators. Up to now, there are a lot of works on this topic, see, for example, 4, 7, 10, 21. There are many systems that can be written as abstract neutral evolution equations with innite delay to study 23. In recent years, the theory of neutral functional dierential e
7、quations with innite delay in innite. dimension was developed and it is still a eld of research (see, for instance, 2, 9, 14, 15 and the references therein). Meanwhile, the controllability problem of such systems was also discussed by many mathematicians, see, for example, 5, 8. The objective of thi
8、s article is to discuss the controllability for Eq. (1), where the linear part is supposed to be non-densely dened but satises the resolvent estimates of the Hille-Yosida theorem. We shall assume conditions that assure global existence and give the sucient conditions for controllability of some part
9、ial neutral functional dierential equations with innite delay. The results are obtained using the integrated semigroups theory and Banach xed point theorem. Besides, we make use of the notion of integral solution and we do not use the analytic semigroups theory. Treating equations with innite delay
10、such as Eq. (1), we need to introduce the phase space B. To avoid repetitions and understand the interesting properties of the phase space, suppose that (B,.B) is a (semi)normed abstract linear space of functions mapping (, 0 into E, and satises the following fundamental axioms that were rst introdu
11、ced in 13 and widely discussed in 16. +(A) There exist a positive constant H and functions K(.), M(.):,with K continuous and M locally bounded, such that, for any sand a0,if x : (, + a E, xsB and x(.)is continuous on , +a, then, for every t in , +a, the following conditions hold: (i) xtB. (ii) x(t)H
12、xtB,which is equivalent to j(0)HjBor everyjB. (iii) xtBK(t-s)supx(s)+M(t-s)xssstB(A) For the function x(.)in (A), t xt is a B-valued continuous function for t in , + a. (B) 1.The space B is complete. Throughout this article, we also assume that the operator A satises the Hille-Yosida condition : (H1
13、) There exist and w，such that (w,+)r(A) and n-n:nN,lwM sup(l-w)(lI-A) Let A0 be the part of operator A in D(A) dened by D(A0)=xD(A):AxD(A) A0x=Ax,for,xD(A0)It is well known that D(A0)=D(A)and the operator A0 generates a strongly continuous semigroup (T0(t)t0)on D(A). Recall that 19 for allxD(A) and
14、t0,one has f0tT0(s)xdsD(A0) and tA0T0(s)sds+x=T0(t)x. We also recall that (T0(t)t0coincides on D(A) with the derivative of the locally Lipschitz integrated semigroup (S(t)t0 generated by A on E, which is, according to 3, 17, 18, a family of bounded linear operators on E, that satises (i) S(0) = 0, (
15、ii) for any y E, t S(t)y is strongly continuous with values in E, (iii) S(s)S(t)=(S(t+r)-s(r)drfor all t, s 0, and for any 0 there exists a 0sconstant l() 0, such that S(t)-S(s)l(t)t-s or all t, s 0, . The C0-semigroup (S(t)t0 is exponentially bounded, that is, there exist two constants Mand w,such
16、that S(t)Mewt for all t 0. Notice that the controllability of a class of non-densely dened functional dierential equations was studied in 12 in the nite delay case.、 2 Main Results We start with introducing the following denition. Denition 1 Let T 0 and B. We consider the following denition. We say
17、that a function x := x(., ) : (, T ) E, 0 T +, is an integral solution of Eq. (1) if (i) x is continuous on 0, T ) , (ii) (iii) (iv) t0DxsdsD(A) for t 0, T ) , tt00Dxt=Dj+ADxsds+Cu(s)+F(s,xs)dsfor t 0, T ) , x(t)=j(t) for all t (, 0. We deduce from 1 and 22 that integral solutions of Eq. (1) are giv
18、en for B, such that DjD(A) by the following system tDxt=S(t)Dj+limS(t-s)Bl(Cu(s)+F(s,xs)ds,t0,t), 、 ( l+0x(t)=j(t),t(-,0,Where Bl=l(lI-A)-1. To obtain global existence and uniqueness, we supposed as in 1 that (H2) K(0)D0 0, such that j1-j2Bfor 1, 2 B and t 0. (4) Using Theorem 7 in 1, we obtain the
19、following result. Theorem 1 Assume that (H1), (H2), and (H3) hold. Let B such that D D(A). Then, there exists a unique integral solution x(., ) of Eq. (1), dened on (,+) . Denition 2 Under the above conditions, Eq. (1) is said to be controllable on the interval J = 0, , 0, if for every initial funct
20、ion B with D D(A) and for any e1 D(A), there exists a control u L2(J,U), such that the solution x(.) of Eq. (1) satises x(d)=e1. Theorem 2 Suppose that(H1), (H2), and (H3) hold. Let x(.) be the integral solution of Eq. (1) on (, ) , 0, and assume that (see 20) the linear operator W from U into D(A)
21、dened by Wu=liml+0dS(d-s)BlCu(s)ds， nduces an invertible operator Won L2(J,U)/KerW，such that there exist positive constants N1and N2satisfying CN1and W-1N2，then, Eq. (1) is controllable on J provided that Where (D0)+b0Mewdd+b0N1N2M2ewdd2)Kd 0, it is given for all t 0, by dx(t)=D0xt+S(t)Dj+dtOr dS(t-
22、s)F(s,x)ds+s0dttS(t-s)Cu(s)ds 0tx(t)=D0xt+S(t)Dj+limS(t-s)Bl(s,xs)dsl+0t+limS(t-s)BlCu(s)ds l+0tThen, an arbitrary integral solution x(.) of Eq. (1) on (, ) , 0, satises x() = e1 if and only if e1=D0xd+S(d)Dj+dddd0S(d-s)F(s,xs)ds+liml+0S(t-s)BlCu(s)dstThis implies that, by use of (5), it suces to ta
23、ke, for all t J, t-1u(t)=WlimS(t-s)BlCu(s)ds(t) l+0t-1=We1-D0xd-S(d)Dj-limS(t-s)Bl(s,xs)ds(t) l+0in order to have x() = e1. Hence, we must take the control as above, and consequently, the proof is reduced to the existence of the integral solution given for all t 0, by dt(Pz)(t):=D0zt+S(t)Dj+S(t-s)F(
24、s,zs)ds dt0dt=S(t-s)CW-1z(d)-D0zd-S(d)Dj dt0-limS(d-t)BlF(t,zt)dt(s)ds l+0dWithout loss of generality, suppose that hat, for every w 0. Using similar arguments as in 1, we can see z1,z2Zd(j)and t 0, , (Pz1)(t)-(Pz2)(t)(D0+b0Mewd)Kdz1-z2As K is continuous and D0K(0) 0 small enough, such that D0+b0Mew
25、d+b0N1N2M2ewdd2)Kd1. Then, P is a strict contraction in Zd(j),and the xed point of P gives the unique integral olution x(., ) on (, that veries x() = e1. Remark 1 Suppose that all linear operators W from U into D(A) dened by Wu=limS(b-s)BlCu(s)ds l+020 a 0, induce invertible operators W on L(a,b,U)/
26、KerW,such that there T-1N2,taking d=,N exist positive constants N1 and N2 satisfying CN1 and WNlarge enough and following 1. A similar argument as the above proof can be used inductively 1nN-1,to see that Eq. (1) is controllable on 0, T for all T 0. in nd,(n+1)d,The study of differential equations i
27、s one part of mathematics that, perhaps more than any other, has been directly inspired by mechanics, astronomy, and mathematical physics. Its history began in the 17th century when Newton, Leibniz, and the Bernoullis solved some simple differential equation arising from problems in geometry and mec
28、hanics. There early discoveries, beginning about 1690, gradually led to the development of a lot of “special tricks” for solving certain special kinds of differential equations. Although these special tricks are applicable in mechanics and geometry, so their study is of practical importance. d微分方程 牛
29、顿和莱布尼茨，完全相互独立，主要负责开发积分学思想的地步，迄今无法解决的问题可以解决更多或更少的常规方法。这些成功的人主要是由于他们能够将积分学和微分融合在一起的事实，。中心思想是微分学的概念衍生。 在这篇文章中，我们建立一个关于可控的结果偏中性与无限时滞泛函微分方程的下面的类： Dxt=ADxt+Cu(t)+F(t,xt),t0 (1) tx0=fb状态变量x(.)在(E,.)空间值和控制用u(.)受理控制范围L(0,T,U),T0的Banach空2间，Banach空间。 C是一个有界的线性算子从U到E，A：A : D(A) E E上的线性算子，B是函数的映射相空间。同时，这种系统的可控性问
30、题也受到许多数学家讨论可以看到的，例如，5,8。本文的目的是讨论方程的可控性。 ，其中线性部分是应该被非密集的定义，但满足的Hille- Yosida定理解估计。我们应当保证全局存在的条件，并给一些偏中性无限时滞泛函微分方程的可控性的充分条件。结果获得的积分半群理论和Banach不动点定理。此外，我们使用的整体解决方案的概念和我们不使用半群的理论分析。 方程式，如无限时滞方程。 ，我们需要引入相空间B.为了避免重复和了解的相空间的有趣的性质，假设是赋范抽象线性空间函数的映射 存在一个正的常数H和功能K，M：连续与K和M，局部有界，例如，对于任何s，如果x : (, + a E,，xsB和x(.
31、)是在 ，+ A 连续的，那么，每一个在T，+ A，下列条件成立： (i) xtB, (ii) x(t)Hxt(iii) xtB+B,等同与 sstj(0)HjB或者对伊jB BK(t-s)supx(s)+M(t-s)xs对于函数x(.)在A中，t xt是B值连续函数在, + a. 空间B是封闭的 整篇文章中，我们还假定算子A满足的Hille- Yosida条件： (1) 在和w，(w,+)r(A)和 n-n:nN,lwM sup(l-w)(lI-A)设A0是算子的部分一个由D(A)定义为 D(A0)=xD(A):AxD(A) A0x=Ax,for,xD(A0)这是众所周知的，D(A0)=D(
32、A)和算子A0对于D(A)具有连续半群(T0(t)t0)。 回想一下，19所有xD(A)和f0tT0(s)xdsD(A0)。 tA0T0(s)sds+x=T0(t)x. 我们还知道f0tT0(s)xdsD(A0)在D(A)，这是一个关于电子所产生的局部Lipschitz积分半群的衍生，按3，17，18，一个有界线性算子的E系列，满足 (iv) S(0) = 0, (v) for any y E, t S(t)y判断为E, (vi) S(s)S(t)=(S(t+r)-s(r)drfor all t, s 0, 对于 0这里存在一个常数0sl() 0, s所以 S(t)-S(s)l(t)t-s 或
33、者 t, s 0, . C0 -半群指数(S(t)t0有界，即存在两个常数M和 w，例如S(t)Mewt对所有的t0。 一类非密集定义泛函微分方程的可控性12研究在有限的延误。 2.我们开始引入以下定义。 定义1设T 0和B.我们认为以下的定义。 我们说一个函数X：= X：E，0T+，是一个方程的整体解决方程Eq. 1. x在0, T )是连续的。 2. t0DxsdsD(A) 对于 t 0, T ) 3. Dxt=Dj+ADxsds+Cu(s)+F(s,xs)ds对于t 0, T ) 00tt4. x(t)=j(t) 对于所有t (, 0. 我们推断1和22式的整体解决方法。 给出了 B，D
34、jD(A)如以下结论 tDxt=S(t)Dj+limS(t-s)Bl(Cu(s)+F(s,xs)ds,t0,t), (3) l+0x(t)=j(t),t(-,0,当Bl=l(lI-A)-1。 为了获得全局的存在性和唯一，我们应该在1中 (H2) K(0)D0 0, 所以 j1-j2Bfor 1, 2 B 和 t 0. (4) 使用1定理7中，我们得到以下结论。 定理1 假设，。设 B，这样D D(A).。则，存在一个独特的整数解x(., ) 对于Eq. (1),。 ，定义在(,+) .。 定义2 在上述条件下，方程Eq. (1)被说成是在区间J = 0, , 0，如果为每一个初始函数 B， D
35、(A)和任何e1 D(A)，存在可控一个控制u L2(J,U)的，这样的解x(.)的Eq. (1)满足x(d)=e1。 定理2假设(H1), (H2), (H3).x(.)式为整体解决方法在Eq. (1)中(, ) , 0。并假设 的线性算子从W到U在D(A)定义为 Wu=lim么，Eq. (1)是可控的前提是在J 当Kd0tdl+0dS(d-s)BlCu(s)ds， -1N2那 W存在L2(J,U)/KerW正数N1和N2满足CN1 和 W诱导可逆的算子，(D0)+b0Mewdd+b0N1N2M2ewdd2)Kd 0，这是对所有的t 0, dx(t)=D0xt+S(t)Dj+dt或者 dS(
36、t-s)F(s,x)ds+s0dttS(t-s)Cu(s)ds 0tx(t)=D0xt+S(t)Dj+limS(t-s)Bl(s,xs)dsl+0t+limS(t-s)BlCu(s)ds l+0t然后，一个任意整数解x(.)式。 在(, ) , 0，满足x() = e1，当且仅当 de1=D0xd+S(d)Dj+ddd0S(d-s)F(s,xs)ds+liml+0S(t-s)BlCu(s)dst这意味着，使用，它足以采取对所有的t J， t-1u(t)=WlimS(t-s)BlCu(s)ds(t) t-1=We1-D0xd-S(d)Dj-limS(t-s)Bl(s,xs)ds(t) l+0l+
37、0以x() = e1因此，我们必须采取上述控制，因此，证明是减少对所有的t 0, 的整体解的存在性 (Pz)(t):=D0zt+S(t)Dj+d=dtddtS(t-s)F(s,z0ts)ds t0S(t-s)CW-1z(d)-D0zd-S(d)Dj d-limS(d-t)BlF(t,zt)dt(s)ds l+0为了不失一般性，假设w 0。 1类似的论点，我们可以看到的z,z0， 12Zd(j)和t(Pz1)(t)-(Pz2)(t)(D0+b0Mewd)Kdz1-z2为K是D0K(0) 0足够小，这样我们可以选择 D0+b0Mewd+b0N1N2M2ewdd2)Kd1. 然后，P是一个严格的收缩
38、在Zd(j)，和固定的P点给出了独特的不可分割的线上的x(., ) on (, ，验证x() = e1。 注1 假设所有D(A)从U W时的线性算子定义 Wu=limS(b-s)BlCu(s)ds l+020 a 0，诱发可逆的算子W在L(a,b,U)/KerW，如存在正常数N1和N2T-1d=WN满足CN1，同时中N足够大，下面的1。上述证明的一个类2，N1nN-1，看到Eq. (1)在0，T的所有T0是可控似的说法可以使用nd,(n+1)d,的。 微分方程的研究是数学的一部分，也许比其他分支更多的直接受到力学，天文学和数学物理的推动。他的历史起源于17世纪，当时牛顿、莱布尼茨、伯努利家族解决了一些来自几何和力学的简单的微分方程。哲学开始于XX年的早期发现，逐渐引起了解某些特殊类型的微分方程的大量特殊技巧的发展。尽管这些特殊的技巧只是用于相对较少的几种情况，但是他们能够解决力学和几何中出现的许多微分方程，因此，他们的研究具有重要的实际应用。 d
