《文体学复习.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《文体学复习.docx（28页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、文体学复习文体学复习 1、 Style: Manners indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns, most (or least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language. (有许多种，此为in this book, general, linguistic-oriented), P5 2、 Stylistics: is a branch of linguistics which studies in a
2、scientific and systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels. Literary stylistics: concentrates solely on unique and overall linguistic features of the various genres of literature. The development of stylistics The scope of study Th
3、ree crucial aspects of speech: Substances sounds and symbols; Form; Situation 3、 Stylistic analysis: is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text (what is peculiar to the use of language in a given text for delivering the message). This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the t
4、ext with that used in conventional types of discourse. Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a given text by systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another. Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity which is highly comparative in n
5、ature. Practice 5. Analyze the following text. Policeman: Whats your name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Dr. Poussiant. Im a physician. Policeman: Whats your first name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Alvin. The word boy may be used to address a male inferior. In above conversation, the form is used to address
6、 a physician, who is usually accorded high respect in the US and is addressed as Dr. So-and-so (Title + Surname). Insistently using the form boy, the white policeman shows his racist contempt of and prejudice against the black people. 4、 Linguistic description: refers to the exploration and classifi
7、cation of linguistic features of a given text. 每个category下面的各个分类 (1) The Phonology Category: Phonology here is used to refer to the system of speech sounds in a language. (2) The Lexical Category: Lexis is used here to refer to the choice of words. (3) The Syntactic/Grammatical /Category: Syntax is
8、used here to refer to rules for ordering and connecting words into sentences. (4) Semantic Category: Semantics is used here to refer to the meaning of words, expressions, etc. and by what means the meaning is conveyed from the addresser to the addressee. Procedure of linguistic description 1) Work s
9、ystematically through the text and note down points we feel of some stylistic significance respectively under the various headings. 2) Quantify the frequency of a linguistic feature. 3) Assess the importance of stylistic features. 4) Make statements about the overall linguistic picture of the text i
10、n question, bringing together diverse features to show how they form a coherent, integrated pattern, and making judgments about or interpreting the significance of such patterns in relation to the context of the text as a whole. 5、Text: A text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, t
11、hat forms a unified whole. A text is then a semantic unit, a unit not only of form, but also of meaning. A text is realized by a sequence of language units, whether they are sentences or not. Cohesive devices: Implicit connectivity Explicit connectivity 1) Transitional words/phrases 2) Grammatical d
12、evice Ellipsis Substitution Coreference 3) Lexical reiteration 材料Examine the following conversation, find out whether linguistic units in it are overtly cohesive or not. A: See who that is. B: Im in pyjamas. A: OK. Linguistic units in the conversation are not overtly cohesive. In this text, the rele
13、vance of Bs remark to As first remark is conveyed by pragmatic implication. “Im in pyjamas” implies an excuse for not complying with As command (= “No, I cant, because Im in pyjamas.”) As second remark implies that he accepts Bs excuse and undertakes to do himself what he originally asked B to do (=
14、 OK. Ill go myself and see.” Texts are therefore recognized as appropriately coherent in actual use. A full understanding of a text is often impossible without reference to the context in which it occurs. Context: Context refers to all elements of a communicative situation. (One is “linguistic conte
15、xt”, referring to the linguistic units preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text. The other is “extra-linguistic context” or “context of situation”, referring to the relevant features of the situation in which a text has meaning. ) Contextual factors: Field of discourse(语场)：t
16、he institutional setting, private or public, in which a piece of language occurs, embracing not only the subject matter in hand(正在进行中的主要的事情), but the whole activity of the speaker or participant in a setting, which corresponds to Hallidays “ideational function” of language. Tenor(语旨)：The participant
17、s, their education, social status, the role-relationship between the addresser and the addressee; the degree of intimacy; the degree of social distance. (Its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning -the relationship between the speaker and the listener, their relative status, th
18、eir attitude, and their role relations.) Mode(语式)：the medium of communicationthe graphic signs visual or sound waves auditory by means of which a message is conveyed from one person to anther; Channel; channel limitation; other detailed choices, the functions of language in the particular situation.
19、 Practice 4. Analyze the following conversation (Jenny comes to Alans house. She is conducting a survey for the government.) Alan: Wont you come in, Miss-er-. Jenny: Cartwright, Jenny Cartwright. Alan: Im Alan Marlow. (Alan shows Jenny into the living room.) Alan: Oh wont you make yourself comfortab
20、le, Jenny? (After some minutes of talk, which is omitted here) Jenny: Mr. Marlow Alan: Call me Alan. (The Marlows, Episode 11) The context shows clearly that Alan and Jenny are total strangers. The conven-tional address form between strangers is Title + Sur-name (Mr./Miss So-and-so). But Alan addres
21、ses the girl by her first name and later asks her to do the same. His adoption of first-naming is an example of the manipulation of language. It is a move towards a friendlier relationship, indicating that Alan does not want their encounter to be formal and distant, as it is customary between strang
22、ers. In contrast, Jenny chooses to remain formal and distant by addressing Alan as “Mr. Marlow”. Linguistic Items 6、Speech sounds: (1) Stress: Stress refers to the prominence of sounds. It is the result of extra force used in pronouncing a particular word or syllable. a) To show emphasis; b) To show
23、 surprise, anger, doubt, horror or excitement; c) To distinguish meaning of identical words or phrases. P23 (2) Pause: Pause refers to the brief interruption of the articulatory process between consecutive linguistic units such as sounds, syllables, words, phrases and sentences. a) voiced pause or f
24、illed pause; b) silent pause Function: P23 (3) Pitch: This relative height of speech sounds as perceived by a listener is called “pitch” and to indicate different feelings or attitudes, such as agreement, doubt, surprise, delight, scorn, abhorrence, or hatred. a) The falling pitch; b) The rising pit
25、ch; c) The fall-rise pitch; d) The rise-fall pitch; e) The level pitch; f) The fall-plus-rise pitch. (各用在什么情境下，有什么作用P2425) (4) Tempo: Tempo refers to the speed of speaking. Tempo reflected in monosyllables: a) quick and clipped syllables; b) loose and drawled syllables; c) slow and held syllables. T
26、empo reflected in sentences: a) the quick “allegro”; b) the slow “lendo”; c) the increasing “accelerando”; d) the decreasing “rallentando”. Function: Generally speaking, a quick tempo indicates excitement, surprise, agreement, happiness, indignation, whereas a slow tempo usually indicates confusion,
27、 emphasis, disagreement, hesitation, sadness, tiredness, low spirit or disappointment, etc. 7、Graphological Items the study of writing system of a language Graphological levelthe expression or realization of language in its writing system (1) Punctuation ( the dash破折号, the colon冒号, the exclamation m
28、ark感叹号)；各自用处效果 (2) (3) (4) Capitalization Italics 斜体 Paragraphing：Paragraphing refers to the way in which a text is divided into paragraphs. It is a device to reveal the relational structure in a text, the organization of the content. 各自用处效果 8、Lexical Items (1) General or Specific (2) Anglo-Saxon or
29、 Latinate (3) Other Lexical Items 9、Syntactic/Grammatical Items (1) Clause Types Clause: A clause forms a sentence or part of a sentence. It is a group of words which form a grammatical unit and which contains a subject and a finite verb, often functioning as a noun, adjective or adverb. 1) In terms
30、 of the clause constituents, there are 5 basic types: 2) In terms of the structure of the verb phrases (if any) in a clause: Finite clauses are clauses in which the first or the only verb phrase is a finite form. E.g. He finished his work before leaving the classroom. Nonfinite clausesare clauses wh
31、ose verb phrase is non-finite, e.g. an ing participle. He finished his work before leaving the classroom. Verbless clausesare clauses which contain no verb element, e.g.: Hundreds of people were killed in the fire, many of them children. 3) In terms of functions in a sentence: Independent clause, no
32、t subordinate to another clause. E.g. I am a teacher. Subordinate clause is a clause which forms part of another clause as its element, or as constituent of a phrase within a clause. a) nominal clausee.g. What he said is true. b) relative clausefunctioning as post modifiers of a noun phrase. E.g. Pe
33、ople who smoke annoy me. c) comparative clause, than, as d) adverbial clauses denoting time, place, reason, etc. (2) Sentence Types Sentence: A sentence is, grammatically, the largest unit of grammatical organization within which parts of speech and grammatical classes are to function. 1) In terms o
34、f complexity or the number of constituent clauses: Simple sentence consists of a single independent clause. Multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. a) Compound sentenceconsists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses. E.g.: The storm is over, but the ground is still
35、wet. b) Complex sentenceconsists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clause, e.g.: Although the storm is over, the ground is still wet. c) Compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses, one being compound, and at least one complex dependent clause, e.g.: Altho
36、ugh the storm is over, the ground is still wet, and we cannot go out for a walk. 2) In terms of grammaticality: Major sentence is a sentence (simple or multiple) which conforms to the regular patterns of clause structures. (formal in style) Minor sentence does not conform to the regular clause patte
37、rns, e.g.: Oh, if I were you! All aboard! 3) In terms of function: Declarative sentence Interrogative sentence a) General question b) Special question c) Alternative question d) Disjunctive question Imperative sentence Exclamatory sentence 4) In terms of sentence length: Short sentence long sentence
38、 5) In terms of the beauty of structure or emphasis: Periodic sentenceis a sentence which suspends the completion of the main thought until(near) the end, e.g.: Every time a Cooper person is in peril, and absolute silence is worth four dollars a minute, he is sure to step on a dry twig. Loose senten
39、cein contrast completes the main thought well before the end. Balanced sentence contains two distinct halves or parts, each of about the same length and importance, e.g.: In Platos opinion man was made for philosophy; in Bacons opinion philosophy was made for man. (beautiful in form, impressive in m
40、eaning; formal writings, expository and argumentative prose, public speech) 10、British/American English British English 范围：EFL: Britain; The Irish Republic； Australia；New Zealand；South Africa；The West Indian Island ESL：Singapore；Malaysia Three periods: Old English, Middle English, Modern English Ame
41、rican English 范围：EFL：The United States of America; Canada ESL：Mexico；The Philippines; Samoa History of AmE: Differences between BrE & AmE: 每项具体例子要看 (1) (2) In Vocabulary In Grammar The use of present perfect (BrE) or past tense (AmE) The use of “have” or “have got” to indicate possession The use of
42、“got” (BrE) or “gotten” (AmE) The use of different prepositions The use of different expressions (3) In Spelling (4) In Pronunciation (RP=Received Pronunciation GA=General American) 11、Spoken English & Written English Medium: Medium refers to graphic signs (visual medium) or sound waves (auditory me
43、dium) by means of which a message is conveyed from one person (addresser) to another (addressee). Martin Joos classification 区别： At the lexical level At the syntactical/grammatical level At the phonological/graphological level Semantically 补充：Striking differences 1) Hearer/Reader involvement. * Gene
44、rally most speeches assume the presence of the hearer * Non-verbal signals like facial expressions of incomprehension or boredom, feedback in the way of laughter, applause and even booing (feedback from audience attening a lecture and the like). * A written text normally presumes the absence of the
45、reader, and direct feedback from the reader is not possible. 2) Linguistic explicitness * In speech, the participants rely heavily on their common background knowledge and the immediate context for much of their information. * The immediate context can eliminate the ambiguity or dark information car
46、ried by implicit linguistic structures, bring some words with concrete referents, and recrysta-lize the denotations of some otherwise abstract words. * Writing, generally, does not rely on the immediate context for understanding. Nor can the writer normally hope that his /her readers share with him/
47、her much of the personal background knowledge needed for the understanding of the written text. On the contrary he/she must give great explicitness to whatever he/she is trying to say on paper. 3) Preparedness * Writing is on the whole more careful than speaking. * Permanent record, a clear idea abo
48、ut the subject matter and logical arrangement of thought, compact and self-contained. * Speech, esp. conversation, is often spontaneous. Random shift of topic, a general lack of conscious planning, features of hesitation, slips of the tongue, overlapping or simultaneous speech. Stylistic differences Spoken texts contrast with written texts in terms of grammatical, lexical and phonological/ g
