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1、新编大学英语Book2Unit7课后练习答案及课文翻译Unit 7 Culture Part One Preparation 1. Comparing Chinese and American Body Language Body Language Stamping the feet Clapping for oneself after a speech Giving or receiving a gift using two hands Patting other adults on the head Chinese to show anger to denote respect insul
2、ting American to show impatience / to show sympathy, affection or encouragement normal/acceptable immodest Sample answers: 1) Chinese point to their nose to signify “me,” while Americans point to their chest. 2) In most parts of the world, nodding means “Yes” and shaking ones head means “No”, but in
3、 some Arab countries its the opposite. 3) In Japan, a smile can mean that a person is uncomfortable or sad. People have observed that Japanese might smile on sad occasions, such as a funeral, and find this confusing. To the Japanese, it is perfectly acceptable. To an American, this is strange. There
4、 are cultural issues involved. 4) Japanese people bow to show politeness/courtesy while people in most other parts of the world shake hands. 5) In France and Belgium, the thumb-and-forefinger-in-a-circle (the okay gesture) has an insulting meaning: “You are worth zero”, while in North America or som
5、e other parts of the world, it is a friendly gesture. 2. Testing Your Stereotypes Sample: Chinese 1. hospitable 2. modest 3. intelligent 4. hard-working 5. shy 6. self-confident 7. warm-hearted 8. generous Americans 1. adventurous 2. creative 3. straightforward 4. open-minded 5. independent 6. emoti
6、onal 7. imaginative 8. romantic English People 1. conservative 2. gentlemanlike 3. reserved 4. humorous 5. mild 6. reliable 7. sincere 8. serious Part Two Reading-Centered Activities In-Class Reading I. Pre-Reading Some notes for teachers reference: 1) Names and titles convey rank and status and are
7、 a matter of pride and prestige to the 1 Chinese. The conventions surrounding forms of address in Chinese, however, are significantly different from those used in Western languages and their misuse by foreign business people can lead to confusion, embarrassment, and insult. Chinese names appear in a
8、 different order from Western names. A typical Chinese name begins with the persons family name or surname followed by a given name. A traditional given name is composed of two parts or two characters, the first character being the persons generational name and the second character the persons indiv
9、idual name. But many people no longer observe this custom. Foreigners should avoid calling new Chinese acquaintances by their given names, which are used only by elder family members and relatives, or very close friends. Should a Chinese acquaintance invite a foreigner to use the given or family nam
10、e, this is a sign of confidence and trust and the foreigner should then feel free to oblige. 2) In general, the Chinese are reserved and value an individuals ability to remain calm and collected no matter what the situation is. They hide their emotions, and express this serenity by keeping their fac
11、es and bodies immobile and composed during conversations. They do not wave their hands around, hit the table, cross their legs, or slouch in their chairs. 3) The idea of shame, usually expressed as face, could be loosely defined as the status or self-respect in Chinese and by no means alien to forei
12、gners. It is the worst thing for a Chinese to lose face. Never insult, embarrass, shame, yell at or otherwise demean a person. Since all these actions would risk putting a Chinese in a situation that he might lose face. Neither should you try to prove someone wrong nor shout at him in public. In ord
13、er to get a successful effect without letting a Chinese lose face, any criticism should be delivered privately. 4) Chinese seldom express what they think directly and they prefer a roundabout way. Neither do they show their emotions and feelings in public. They usually greet people with a handshake,
14、 rather than embrace or kiss when greeting or saying good-bye. Consequently, it is better not to behave too carefree in public, even though you are well-intentioned. Also, it is advisable to be fairly cautious in political discussions. Do not particularly push yourself forward, or else you may becom
15、e unwelcome. 课内阅读 参考译文 从容得体地跨越文化沟壑 1 在外语学习中，有一些简单的词组，学会了，就能让你不知不觉地进入另一种文化，而丝毫不暴露你作为一个外国人的痕迹，但你为什么总是学不到呢？每本汉语课本都一律从问候语开始。但是，作为美国人，每当我要送客出门时，我总是张口结舌说不出话。唐突地说声再见是不行的，然而，这就是我从这些课本里所学到的一切了。因此我只能微笑、点头，像个日本人似地鞠躬，并拼命地想找些话来说，以缓和离别的气氛，使他们觉得我确实欢迎他们下次再来。因此，我常常靠我中国丈夫的彬彬有礼来掩盖自己的慌乱。 2 后来，通过听别人说话，我开始学会了一些使客人听了舒服的言词
16、，感到送客这项重 2 要工作，我不仅顺利完成了，而且完成得很出色。 3 对中国人来说，送客需要有一定的礼仪和很多胜人一筹的本领。尽管没有人期望我要遵守甚至知道所有这些规矩，但作为一个外国人，我还得学会那些在送客时必不可少的表示客气及推让的话。 4 中国人觉得送客必须送到尽可能远的地方送到楼梯下面，送到马路上，或者也许一直送到最近的汽车站。有时候，我等了半个小时甚至还要长的时间，才等到丈夫送客人回来，因为他一直把客人送到汽车站并等到下一班汽车到站。 5 对一般的或比他年轻的客人，他也许只是说：“我不送你了，行吗?”当然，客人会让他相信，从没想过要麻烦主人送他。“不要送！不要送！” 6 这样好倒是
17、好，但当我成为被送的客人时，我的推让总是无效，而且，女主人或男主人甚至两个人一定要送我到楼下，并陪伴我走好一段路，而每下一段楼梯我都照理说一遍 “不要麻烦送我了”。如果我想走得快一点以免他们跟上来，那只会使他们更不舒服：他们得在我后面紧追。最好还是接受这不可避免的礼节。 7 而且，匆忙也是违背中国习俗的，因为“匆忙”最要不得。你跟别人分手时说什么呢?“慢走。”不说“再见”或“祝一路顺风”，而是“慢走”。对中国人来说它的意思是“小心”或“脚下留神”或诸如此类关照的话。其直译是“慢走”。 8 同一个“慢”字还被用于另一句客套话中，那就是在一顿极其丰盛鲜美的饭后，主人向客人表示他是一个不称职，招待不
18、周的主人。 9 美国和中国的文化截然不同。美国的女主人，当别人赞扬她的烹调技术时，很可能会说：“哦，你喜欢，我就很高兴。我是特地为你做的。”而中国的男女主人就不一样，他们会为“没有什么好吃的”，以及没有合适的菜不成敬意而道歉。 10 同样的规则也适用于对待小孩。美国的父母谈起自己孩子的成就时十分自豪，会说约翰尼是如何如何成为校队的一员，简是如何被评为优秀生上了光荣榜的。中国父母则不同，他们的孩子即使在班上名列前茅，还要老说他们非常“顽皮”、不肯读书，从来不听大人的话，等等。 11 中国人以“谦虚”为荣；而美国人以“直率”为荣。这种谦虚使许多中国人去美国人家里吃饭时不能吃饱，因为按中国的礼貌，任
19、何东西需要再三推让才能接受，而美国主人则认为“不要”就是“不要”，不管是第一次、第二次，还是第三次。 12 最近，美国某大公司访华团的一位成员向我抱怨说，关于他们愿不愿意修改某方案，中国人竟问了他们三次，而且每次美国人都请清楚楚、斩钉截铁地说了“不”。我的朋友很生气，因为中国人没把他们第一次说的话当回事。我马上就意识到问题所在，而且奇怪这些美国人为什么没在去中国之前彻底研究一下文化差异。那样他们在谈判中就可以免去很多困惑和挫折。 13 一旦你知道了应答的信号和方法，生活就变得轻松多了。当客人刚到的时候，我知道我应马上问他们要不要喝茶。他们会说：“请不要麻烦了。”这正是我该去泡茶的信号。 3 从
20、容地跨越文化沟壑 1 在外语学习中，有一些简单的词组，一旦掌握，就能让你不知不觉地进入另一种文化，而丝毫不暴露你作为一个外国人的痕迹，但你为什么总是学不会呢？每本汉语课本都是从问候语开始的。但是，作为美国人，每当要我送客出门时，我总是舌头打结。唐突地说声再见是不行的，然而，那是我从这些课本里所学到的一切了。因此我只能微笑、点头，像个日本人似地鞠躬，并拼命地想找些话来说，以缓和离别的气氛，使他们觉得我确实欢迎他们下次再来。因此，我常常靠我的中国丈夫的彬彬有礼来掩盖自己的慌乱。 2 后来，听得多了，我开始学会了说一些话，使送客的气氛轻松了许多，感到我不仅完成了任务，而且完成得很出色。 3 对中国人
21、来说，送客有一套规矩，以及大量的来回推让以示更客气。尽管没有人期望我这样一个外国人要遵守这套规矩甚至知道所有的客套，但我还得学会在送客时那些表示客气及推让的话。 4 中国人觉得他们送客必须送到尽可能远的地方走一段楼梯，送到马路，或者一直送到最近的汽车站。我有时等我丈夫送别客人回来得等上半个多小时，因为他一直把客人送到汽车站，还要等到下一班车。 5 对一般的或较年轻的客人，他可能简单地说：“我不送你了，行吗?”当然，客人会使他确信，从没想过要麻烦主人送他。“别送了！别送了！” 6 这一切都好办。但当我成为被送的客人时，我的推让总是无效。女主人或男主人甚至两个人一定要送我到楼下，并走得老远，而我们
22、每下一段楼梯就照例要说一句“不要麻烦送我了”。如果我想走得快一点以免他们跟上来，那只会使他们更不舒服：同时他们得在我后面紧追。还是接受这不可避免的礼节吧。 7 而且，这也是违反中国习俗的，因为凡事都不能“匆忙”。你跟别人分手时说什么呢?“慢走。”不说“再见”或“一路平安”，而是“慢走”。对中国人来说它的意思是“保重”或“脚下留神”或诸如此类关照的话。其直译是“慢走”。 8 同一个“慢”字也被用于另一句客气话“怠慢”中。那就是在一顿极其丰盛鲜美的饭后，主人向客人表明他是一个多么差劲，不称职的主人。 9 美国和中国的文化截然不同。美国的女主人，当别人赞扬她的烹调技术时，很可能会说：“哦，你喜欢，我
23、就很高兴。我是特地为你做的。”而中国的男女主人就不一样。相反，他们会为“没有什么好吃”，及没有合适的菜不成敬意而道歉。 10 同样的规则在对待小孩上也适用。美国的父母谈起他们孩子的成就十分自豪。他们会说约翰尼是如何如何成为校队的一员，简是如何如何上光荣榜的。中国父母则不同。他们的孩子即使在班上名列前茅，也还是说他们非常“顽皮”， 不肯读书，不听大人的话，等等。 11 中国人以“谦虚”为荣；而美国人以“直率”为荣。这种谦虚使许多中国人去美国人家里做客时挨饿，因为按中国的礼貌，任何东西需要推让三遍才能接受，而美国主人则认 4 为“不要”就是“不要”，不管是第一次、第二次，还是第三次。 12 最近，
24、美国某大公司访华团的成员向我抱怨说，关于美方愿不愿意修改某一提议，中方竟问了他们三次，而每一次美方都清楚肯定地说了“不”。我的朋友很生气，因为中方没有第一次就接受他们的答复。我马上就意识到问题所在，奇怪为什么美国人没有在去中国之前钻研一下文化差异。那样他们在谈判中就可以省去很多迷惑和困窘。 13 一旦你学会了如何理解信号和应答，生活就变得轻松多了。当客人来的时候，我知道我应马上问他们是否要喝茶。他们会答：“请不要麻烦了。”这正是我该去泡茶的信号。 III. Post-Reading Reading Comprehension 1. Understanding the Main Idea of
25、the Passage A. Topic sentence (Para.1): Its rather difficult for a foreigner to slip into a culture without all his foreignness exposed. B. Supporting evidence: 1. Parting customs in China (Para.1-7) i) One custom: The host and hostess should say to guests words and phrases that will smooth over the
26、 visitors leaving and make them feel they will be welcome to come again. The authors problem: She constantly found herself tongue-tied. Her solution: At first she often hid behind her husband and then she gradually picked up the words and phrases. ii) Another custom: The host and hostess feel they m
27、ust see a guest off to the farthest feasible point except those less important or younger visitors. A problem she met with as a guest: She tried to discourage the host and hostess from seeing her off, but failed. Her conclusion: Its better to accept the inevitable. 2. Chinese modesty vs. American st
28、raightforwardness (Para.8-12) i) At a party when complimented for cooking skills A Chinese host or hostess will appear to be modest and apologize for giving “nothing” even slightly edible and for not showing enough honor by providing proper dishes. An American hostess is likely to say, “Oh, Im so gl
29、ad that you liked it. I cooked it especially for you.” ii) When talking about their children Chinese parents will say that their children, even if at the top of their class in school, are always so “naughty”, never studying, never listening to their elders, and so forth. American parents will straig
30、htforwardly speak proudly of their childrens achievements. iii) Hearing the word “no” A Chinese will not take it the first time. 5 An American will take it to mean “no”. C. Conclusion (Para.13): Life becomes much easier once you have studied up on cultural differences. 2. Understanding Specific Info
31、rmation 1) T 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) F 6) T 7) T 8) T 3. Questions for Group Discussion 1) Sample In some ways I agree with her, e.g. seeing people off to the farthest feasible point, apologizing for a very delicious meal by saying they have prepared nothing, saying “no” before they accept something. But
32、I dont think that parents will say to others that their children are always naughty. Now like American parents, Chinese parents are proud of their children in their hearts and will also praise them in front of others. 2) Sample Yes. Examples: A. When Americans receive a present, they will unwrap it
33、immediately. But the Chinese will never do that. They will wait until the giver is gone. B. Americans say “Hello” to each other when they meet, while the Chinese say: “Where are you going?” or “Have you eaten?” if its mealtime. But this is not always true. Many people are influenced by western cultu
34、res and they will say “Hello” too. C. There are some taboo topics according to American culture, but they are not taboos in China. These are: age (especially a females age), salary, religion, etc. D. Americans decide before the meal who will pay for it, but the Chinese will say nothing before the me
35、al, and when it comes to payment, everybody will volunteer to pay, so theres usually a lot of expressions of politeness and protests. It sounds very noisy. E. Americans, or other Westerners, value privacy more than the Chinese. For example, when someone is doing something, Chinese people would proba
36、bly go closer and see what he/she is doing, but foreigners will not do that. A case in point is at the bank. When a customer is entering the PIN of his account, the next customer stands so close that the former feels rather uneasy or even insecure. F. Dining customs are also different. At the dinner
37、 table, Chinese usually try to persuade the others to drink as much as possible, but Americans or other Westerners never do that. Vocabulary 1. 1) save A. help someone by making it unnecessary for them to do something unpleasant or inconvenient B. keep money so that you can use it later, especially
38、when you gradually add more money over a period of time 2) mission A. an important job that someone has been given to do especially when they are sent to another place 6 B. a group of important people who are sent by their government to another country to discuss something or collect information 3)
39、do A. be suitable or acceptable B. cook 4) expose A. leave something no longer covered or protected B. make known (something secret), reveal 5) modesty a. behavior in which one avoids talking about ones abilities, qualities, or possessions b. the quality or state of being not large in size or amount
40、, or not expensive 6) observe A. watch carefully, especially to learn more about it B. obey (a law, rule or custom) 7) flight A. a set of stairs between one floor and the next B. a journey in a plane or space vehicle 8) bow A. bend your body over something, especially in order to see it more clearly
41、 B. a knot of cloth or string with a curved part on either side, used especially for decoration 蝴蝶结 9) pick up A. lift something B. learn something by watching or listening to other people 10) take A. need or require B. understand or interpret in a particular way 理解或解释某事 2. expose: reveal abrupt: su
42、dden accomplish: achieve surpass: exceed feasible: workable assure: convince discourage: dissuade inevitable: unavoidable farewell: goodbye caution: warning compliment: praise honor: respect proposal: suggestion modify: change frustration: disappointment 3. 1) with 2) arranged 3) majority 4) proport
43、ion/percentage 5) similar 6) reaches 7) including 8) background 9) parents 10) if/whether 11) who 12) both 13) meetings 14) families 15) dating 16) before 17) decision 18) parents 19) marriage 20) rate Translation 1. If you sing the song several times, your children will (begin to) pick up the words
44、. 2. We tried to assure the nervous old man that flying/air travel was safe. 3. An inadequate supply of vitamin A may lead to night blindness. 4. I can use a computer, but when it comes to computer repairing, I know nothing about it. 7 5. Many a mother tries to act out her dreams through her daughte
45、r. Many a mother tries to have her dreams realized by her daughter. 6. The bad weather discouraged people from attending the parade. 7. I gave him some pills to ease his pain. 8. The job involves traveling/working abroad three months each year. After-Class Reading 课外阅读1 参考译文 美国的请客习惯 1 每个国家都有自己特殊的请客习
46、惯。美国人认为，作为一名有礼貌的客人，第一条规矩就是守时。如果一个人被邀请去赴六点半钟的宴会，女主人期待他在六点半或稍后几分钟到，因为通常是她做饭，她算好时间，以便客人到时热面包卷、咖啡和肉正好最好吃。如果客人来迟了，饭菜就不那么好吃了，女主人会感到失望的。如果客人不能按时到，就应打电话给男女主人，说明理由，并告诉他们什么时候能到。根据具体情况，客人有时会带一盒糖果或一些鲜花送给女主人以表谢意。 2 随着客人们的陆续到来，女士进屋时，在场的男士们起身等女士入座后再坐下，这通常被视为是一种礼貌的行为。然而，多数年轻人和一些年纪再大一些的人，他们重视男女平等，不再遵守这一习俗。来访的客人应留意各种
47、情况，跟着在场的美国人去做。 3 客人在餐桌就坐时，按照习俗男士应帮助女士入座。有些美国人现在已不再这样做了，所以来访者必须留心别人的做法，并照着他们的做法去做。如果宴会是在个人的家里举行的，在开始吃饭前，要避免尴尬，客人可以让别人聊。有些家庭习惯于在饭前祈祷感谢上帝，有些家庭则没有这样的习惯。如果要做祷告，每个人都静静地低头坐着，直到祷告结束。如果主人家没有这种习惯，聊天则无需中断。 4 美国人与欧洲人使用刀叉的习惯不同。欧洲人右手拿刀，左手拿叉，吃东西时两手都用。美国人则相反，尽可能只用一只手，另一只手放在膝盖上。他们要切肉时通常把叉换到左手。在不往嘴里送食物时，喝咖啡或在面包上涂黄油时，他们把叉放在自己的盘子上。欧洲人更习惯于饭后喝咖啡，没吃完饭时刀叉就一直拿在手里。 5 由于美国人进餐时经常会放下刀叉等金属餐具，因此也形成了一些习惯。把勺子留在汤碗里、咖啡杯里或其他任何菜盘子里都被看作是不好的举止。勺子应该放在
