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1、Greek CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的） element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element.2. Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3
2、. In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.4. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5. Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the worlds foremost amateur sports competition.6. Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the
3、 author of their epics.7. The Homers epics consisted of_ Iliad and Odyssey . 8. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home
4、, island of Ithaca.10. The representation form of Greek Democracy is _ citizen-assembly._（公民大会）11. Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.12. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.13. Pindar is best known f
5、or his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.14. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.15. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.16. Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as
6、 Oedipus the King（俄狄浦斯王）, Electra（伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone. Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles plays.17. Euripides（欧里庇得斯） wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Media, and Trojan Women.18. Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C. Its bes
7、t writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.19. Euripides _ is the first writer of problem plays. 20. Herodotus（希罗多德） is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.21. Thucydides（修西得底斯） described the war be
8、tween Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.22. Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯） was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.23. Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.24. Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element o
9、f the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.25. The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26. In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics（犬儒学派）, the Sceptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans（伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and
10、 the Stoics（斯多葛学派）.27. Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements几何原本, a textbook of geometry.28. To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”29. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Do
11、ric（多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（爱奥尼亚式） style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian（科林斯式） style.30. The Acropolis at Athens（雅典卫城） and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in
12、 more than 2000 years.II. Choice1. Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek Culture B. Roman CultureC. Egyptian Culture D. Chinese Culture2. In _ the Roman conquered Greece.A.1200 B. C. B.700 B. C.C.146 B. C. D. The 5th century3. Which of the following work
13、s described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the King B. IliadC. Odyssey D. Antigone4. Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. Antigone B. AgamemnonC. Persians D. Prometheus Bound5. Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A.Ele
14、ctra B.AntigoneC.Trojan Woman D.Oedipus the King6. Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A.Antigone B PersiansC Electra D Medea7. Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A Aristophanes B EuripidesC Sophocles D Aeschylus8. Who ever said that “Yo
15、u can not step twice into the same river”?A Pythagoras B HeracleitusC Aristotle9. Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A Heracleitus B AristotleC Socrates D Pythagoras10. Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A Protagoras B PythagorasC Pyrrhon D Epicu
16、rusIII. Interpretation: 1. PlatoPlato was a very famous philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. He argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these “ideas” ar
17、e completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Platos philosophy is called Idealism, and Plato was called idealist.2. Democracy in ancient Greece 1)Democracy means exercise of power by the whole people, but in Greece by the whole people the Greeks meant only th
18、e adult male citizens. 2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. IV. Questions: 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek cultur
19、e reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse（击退） of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3) The 5th century closed with
20、 civil war between Athens and Sparta. 4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found. 5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece. 2. W
21、hat is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development? There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries. 1) Spirit of inn
22、ovation The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters(束缚) of any inherited orthodoxy(正统的实践活动、风俗或信仰). 2) Supreme Achiev
23、ement The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavor: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc. 3) Lasting effect A. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homers epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and So
24、phocles and Euripides, Aristophanes comedies, Platos Dialogues, ect. B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron（拜伦）s Isles of Greece（哀希腊）, Shelley（雪莱）s Hellas
25、 and Prometheus Unbound（解放了的普罗米修斯）and Keats（济慈）s Ode on a Grecian Urn（希腊古瓮）. C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce（乔伊斯）s modernist masterpiece Ulysses. Roman Culture 1I. Fill in the blanks.1. The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greec
26、e, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2. The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.（大意是：征服者反而被被征服者所征服。） 3.In 27 B. C. Octavius（屋大维）took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus（奥古斯都）.4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace las
27、ting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana（罗马的和平）.5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Goths(哥特人) and mark
28、ed the end of the West Roman Empire.7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in and these writings, collected in his Commentaries（高卢战记）, are models of succinct Latin.9.V
29、irgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C. And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D.11. She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.II. Choic
30、e1. Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero2. The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things(物性论) is _.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius（卢克莱修：罗马哲学家、诗人）3.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A. The Colos
31、seumB. The PanthenonC. The Parthenon（巴特农神庙）D. Pont du Gard（加德桥引水渠）Roman Culture 2I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to _. 27 B.C. 2. I came, I saw, I conquered. By _. Julius Caesar II.True or false statements 1. Euclid says Give me a place to stand, and I will m
32、ove the world. () Archimedes 2. Herodotuss historical writing is on the war between Athens and Sparta. () Greeks and Persians III. Interpretation 1. Pax Romana （ 罗马的和平）In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions（罗马军团）, it was known a
33、s Pax Romana IV. Questions IV. Questions 1. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture 1) similarities: A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly. B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identifie
34、d, and their myths to be fused. C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family. 2) differences: A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didnt, except for the brief moment of Alexanders conquests, which soon disintegrated. B. The Romans wer
35、e confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities. 2. What is the Rome historical background? 1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor
36、with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began. 2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land areas extension: Encircling the Mediterranean. 3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions（罗马军团）. 4) In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful ti
37、me, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana. 5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law. 6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century. A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine (君士坦丁大帝) moved the capital from Rome to
38、Byzantium（拜占庭）. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul土耳其伊斯坦布尔). B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West C. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire. D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Co
39、nstantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. The Bible and ChristianityThe Old Testament Fill in the blanks：1. Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and
40、 trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.3. Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews the Hebrews（希伯来人） wandered through the deserts of the Middle East.4. About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms.a) Can
41、aan：迦南 (圣经故事中称其为上帝赐给以色列人祖先的应许之地,是巴勒斯坦,叙利亚和黎巴嫩等地的古称)5. The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.6. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Te
42、stament and the New Testament.7. The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first five books, called Pentateuch（摩西五书）.8. When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive from God message, w
43、hich came to be known as the Ten Commandments.9. Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament.a) Amos：阿摩司(前八世纪的希伯来先知)10. In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues to practice their religion.11. At the age of 30, Jesus received the bapt
44、ism at the hands of John Baptist.12. Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.a) Galilee：加利利(巴勒斯坦北部一多山地区)13. Jesus of Nazareth（(巴勒斯坦地区北部古城)拿撒勒） lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.14. Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem
45、for the Passover, but was betrayed by Judas.15. In 313 the Edict of Milan(米兰敕令) was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.16. In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire and outlawed all other religions.17.
46、After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in the Mediterranean regions.18. By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish（教区） and had a full time leader known as priest.19. Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the
47、New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.20. When as Jesus mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost21. Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover（逾越节）, but was betrayed by Judas and caught at the Last Supper.22. Christianityis by far the most influential in the West. 23. The Hebrews history was recorded in _ The Old Testament of the Bible. 24. The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Chr
