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1、汽车工程专业英语 Chapter 1 Automotive Basics (1) Today s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。 当今的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气
2、设备。 1.1 Body (2) The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. 车身的设计要保证乘客安全舒适。车身的款 式使得汽车看起来漂亮迷人、色彩斑斓、时尚前卫。 1.2 Engine (3)The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burn
3、ing a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline and diesel . Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission
4、. 内燃机是最常见的，其动力来自气缸里液体燃料的燃烧。发动机有汽油机和柴油机两种，都称为热机燃料燃烧产生热量，使得气缸内气体压力升高，从而提供动力，带动连接变速器的轴旋转. 1.3 Chassis 1.3.3 Suspension 1 (4) The purpose of the complete suspension system is to isolate the vehicle body from road shocks and vibrations, which will otherwise be transferred to the passengers and load. It m
5、ust also keep the tires in contact with the road regardless of road surface. 整个悬架系统的作用是隔离来自路的冲击和振动对车身的影响,防止它们传递给乘客和货物。另外不论路面如何,悬架系统都应该保持轮胎和路的接触。 1.3.4 Braking (5) Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. W
6、ith disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. 在鼓式制动器上，制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘，被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1.4 Electrical system (6) The electrical system supplies electricity for the starter, ignition, lights and heater. The electricity level is maintai
7、ned by a charging circuit. 电器系统为起动机、点火系、照明和加热设备提供电流。电流的大小由充电电路来维持。 Chapter 2 Internal Combustion Engine 2.1.2 Engine Terms 2) Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke uses up the gas, so 2 means must be provided t
8、o expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture: this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves; 活塞通过连杆和轴连接，使得气体带动轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气以及向气缸内再充入新鲜的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控 。 2.2.1 Engine Block 1) The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All oth
9、er engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. 缸体是发动机的基体。发动机其它的部件都安装或固定在缸体上，包括气缸、水套和油道，以及固定在缸体底部的曲轴等。 2.2.2 Cylinder Sleeves 2) Cylinder sleeves are
10、used in engine blocks to provide a hard wearing material for pistons and piston rings. The block can be made of one kind of iron that is light and easy to cast while the sleeves uses another that is better able to stand up wear and tear. There are two main types of sleeves: dry and wet. 缸体中的气缸套为活塞和活
11、塞环提供了一种坚硬耐磨的材料。缸体可以采用某种重量轻且易铸造的铁来制造，而缸套使用的却是另一种更加耐磨损的材料成。主要有两种类型的气缸套：干缸套和湿缸套。 2.2.3 Cylinder Head 3) The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the 3 piston. In-line engines of light vehicles have ju
12、st one cylinder head for all cylinders; larger in-line engines can have two or more. 气缸盖安装在缸体的顶部，就像安在房子上的屋顶一 样。缸盖的下方和活塞顶部形成燃烧室。轻型车上使用的直列发动机，所有气缸仅有一个气缸盖，较大的直列发动机有两个或更多缸盖。 2.2.5 Oil Pan or sump 4) The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in th
13、e engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working pats of the engine. 润滑系的机油泵从油底壳抽出机油并把机油输送给发动机的所有工作部件。机油从油底壳流进流出.因而在油底壳和发动机的工作部件之间就有机油定向循环流动。 2.3.2 Piston Assembly(活塞总成) 1) Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. Th
14、e piston, through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force created by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft.大多数活塞由铝铸造而成。通过连杆的作用，活塞把可燃混合气燃烧产生的力传递给曲轴，带动曲轴旋转。 2) In diesel engines, the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown, dependin
15、g on method of injection. 柴油机发动机根据喷油方法不同，活塞头部可以形成全部燃烧室，也可以是燃烧室的一部分 3）Piston Rings In modern engines, each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines 4 Gas Rings sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The inside surface of the ring fits in the groove on the piston. The rings outside surface p
16、resses against the cylinder walls. 在新型发动机上，每个活塞有三个活塞环。环的内侧装在活塞的环槽里，环的外表面紧压在气缸壁上。 4) The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin. A bush made from a soft metal, such as bronze, is used for this joint. The lower end of the connecting rod fit the crankshaft journal. This is called the
17、big end. 连杆小头与活塞销连接，连接处有像青铜这样软金属制成的衬套，连杆下端连接在曲柄轴径上，称为连杆大头。 5) N.B. No.4 piston is always performing the companion stroke to No.1: when the inlet valve in No.4 cylinder is fully open, No.1 cylinder inlet valve is fully closed - this feature is useful to remember when checking valve clearances.注意4号活塞和
18、1号活塞总是成对运行：1号气缸进气门全闭时，4号气缸进气门全开这个特点在检查气门间隙时是很有用的。 6) As each cylinder fires, it causes the crank throw to speed up. The inertia of the rest of shaft cause it to stay slightly behind, resulting in a twisting action on the crankshaft. 当一气缸点火时，使拐的转速提高，而轴的其它部分由于惯性作用，有所滞后,从而导致曲轴扭转。 2.5: valve system 1）It
19、 is apparent from this description that the exhaust valve stays open for a short period of time during which the intake valve is also open. In other words, 5 the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stoke overlap for a short period of time. This is called valve overlap. Valve ti
20、ming and valve overlap vary on different engines. 由上显而易见，排气门在进气门打开的一小段时间内也打开着。换句话说，排气冲程终了和进气冲程初期有一小段时间的重叠，这称为气门重叠。不同的发动机，其配气正时和气门重叠是不一样的。 2） Each cam must revolve once during the four-stroke cycle to open a valve. A cycle, remember, corresponds with two revolutions of the crankshaft. Therefore, the
21、camshaft must revolve at exactly half the speed of the crankshaft. This is accomplished with a 2:1 gear ratio. A gear connected to the camshaft has twice the number of teeth as a gear connected to the crankshaft. 在一个四冲程的循环里，每个凸轮转动一次来打开一个气门。在一个循环里曲轴是转动两圈的。因此，凸轮轴必须以曲轴转速的一半旋转，这是由2:1的传动比来实现的。连接凸轮轴的齿轮齿数是
22、连接曲轴的齿轮齿数的2倍。 2.6 Gasoline Fuel System 1) Gasoline must vaporize easily. This characteristic, called volatility, is important. However, it must not vaporize too easily, or it will turn to vapor inside the fuel tank or fuel lines. Inside the fuel line, fuel vapor may block the flow of liquid gasoline
23、. This is called vapor lock. Vapor lock is common in fuel lines where the inlet side of the pump is exposed to high temperatures. 汽油容易蒸发，这个重要的特性称为挥发性。但是汽油也不能挥发得过快，不然它会在油箱或油管里转变为蒸气。在油管中油蒸气会阻碍液态油的流动，这 6 称为气阻。汽油泵的入口处易受高温，就经常出现气阻。 2) Increasing the pressure of the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber
24、before ignition helps to increase the power of an engine. This is done by compressing the fuel mixture to a smaller volume. Higher compression ratios not only boost power but also give more efficient power. But as the compression ratio goes up, knocking tendency increases. 在点火前增加燃烧室内可燃混合气的压力有助于提高发动机
25、的功率，这是通过把可燃混合气压缩到一个极小的体积来实现的。高的压缩比不仅可以增加功率，而且会带来更多的有功率。但随着压缩比的增加，爆震的可能性也会增加。 3） Fuel pump: Most cars today have a mechanical fuel pump. This pumps fuel out of the tank and through the fuel lines to the carburetor or injection system. In most cars, the pump is mounted on the engine block. Some cars h
26、ave an electric fuel pump. This pump mounts in the fuel tank with the fuel pickup and the fuel-gauge-sending unit. 当前大多数车采用机械油泵，油泵从油箱抽出油，通过油管送到化油器或喷射系统。大部分车的油泵安装在缸体上。一些车采用电动油泵，油泵安装在油箱上，附带有油量传感器和燃油表油量传送装置。 4） A carburetor delivers fuel in proportion to the amount of air flowing through it. As you pre
27、ss on the accelerator pedal, the throttle valve opens wider to draw more air through the carburetor The carburetor provides richer or leaner mixtures, depending on a number of factors: engine speed, load, temperature, and throttle position. To meet complicated demands, a carburetor 7 is a highly int
28、ricate device, with many internal passages and parts. 化油器输送的燃油与流经化油器的空气量成一定比例。踩下加速踏板，节气门开度变大，化油器吸入的空气增加。化油器可提供较浓或较稀的混合气，这取决于发动机转速、负荷、温度和油门开度等因素。为满足复杂的要求，化油器的结构也很复杂，其上有很多内部通道和部件。 5） The throttle mechanism controls the flow of the air- fuel mixture. The throttle has several parts, including the thrott
29、le shaft and the throttle plate. By opening and closing, the throttle plate controls the flow of the air-fuel mixture into the engine. More air flows in as the plate opens; less air flows in as the plate closes. 节气门机构控制着可燃混合气的流量，包括节气门轴和节气门等部件。节气门的开启和关闭控制着进入发动机的可燃混合气流量。节气门开启，空气流量增加；节气门关闭，空气流量减少。 2.7
30、Diesel Engine 1) Diesel engine gets this name from the pioneer work done by Dr Rudolf Diesel. The diesel is used for the majority of heavy vehicles and the excellent fuel economy makes it an attractive alternative to the petrol engine for light commercial vehicles, delivery vans and taxis. 柴油发动机的名称来
31、源于Rudolf Diesel博士所完成的开拓性工作。大多数重型车辆使用柴油，优良的燃油经济性使得柴油机成为具有吸引力的替代品,来代替轻型商用车、厢式运输货车和出租车上汽油机。 2）At exhaust-gas turbo-charging, the exhaust-gas energy which would 8 have been lost is used to drive a turbine. This turbine drives a compressor which aspirates the combustion air and supplies it pre-compressed
32、 to the engine. In this way, more fuel can be supplied to the larger air mass and the engine power is increased. A positive effect is also exerted on the combustion process. 在废气涡轮增压中，原本要丧失的废气能量用来驱动涡轮，涡轮驱动压缩机，压缩机吸入助燃空气，预压缩后送给发动机。这样，空气量多，供油也多，发动机功率就会增加，对燃烧过程也会带来积极作用。 2.8.2 Thermostat circulation 1） Wh
33、en the engine is cool, the thermostat remains closed so that coolant cannot circulate through the radiator. Instead, coolant is recirculated within the engine block and cylinder head until the coolant reaches a predetermined temperature. At that temperature a wax-like pellet expands inside the therm
34、ostat to open it and allow the coolant to flow. Today, most original-equipment thermostats open at approximately 85oC to 90oC. In hotter climates, a “cooler” thermostat may be used to help avoid overheating. 当发动机温度较低时，节温器保持关闭，冷却水不能流通散热器进行循环，而是在发动机缸体和缸盖之间循环流动，一直到冷却水达到预定的温度为止。在该温度下，节温器中的蜡芯膨胀，从而打开节温器，使
35、得循环水流经节温器。目前，多数原装节温器的开启温度大约在 8590oC。气温较高时，可采用低温节温器防止发动机过热。 2）The purpose of the lubrication system is to circulate oil through the 9 engine. An engine must have a good lubrication system. Without it, the friction heat from the contact of the moving parts would wear the parts and cause power loss.Oil
36、, when placed between two moving parts, separates them with a film. This oil film prevents the parts from rubbing against each other. This oil film also cushions the parts, giving quieter and smoother engine operation. 润滑系统的作用是使机油在发动机里循环流动。发动机必须要有良好的润滑系统，不然移动部件相互接触摩擦而产生的热量 磨损发动机部件，并损失发动机功率。机油位于两个移动部
37、件之间，通过油膜隔开两部件。油膜防止部件之间的相互摩擦。它垫在部件之间，使得发动机工作安静、平稳可靠。 3）Three Types of harmful emission (HC, CO, NOX): There are many causes for emissions. Some emissions are caused by poor air quality. Other emissions are caused by engine fuels, such as diesel fuel or gasoline. These are hydrocarbon fuels, made up p
38、rimarily of hydrogen and carbon. Emissions are colorless and odorless. Sunlight, though, will transform them into smog. 产生排放的原因有很多，一部分排放物是由于空气质量差引起的，另一部分是由柴油或汽油等发动机燃料产生的。这些碳氢化合物燃料主要由碳和氢两种元素组成。这些排放物是无色无味的，在阳光的作用下转变为烟雾。 2.10 Emission Control 1）Exhaust-gas recirculation is a method of reducing emission
39、s of oxides of nitrogen that has been known and applied for years. In its essential components, engine exhaust is an inert gas, i.e. a non-combustible gas. 废气再循环可降低氮氧化合物的排放，这种技术早已为人所知并应用多年。 10 发动机废气的基本成分是一种惰性气体，也就是一种不易燃烧的气体。 CHAPTER 3 POWER TRAIN 1) When a vehicle is to be moved from rest the clutch
40、 must engage a stationary gearbox shaft with the engine; this must be rotating at a high speed to provide sufficient power or else the load will be too great and the engine will stall (come to rest). 当汽车原地起步时，离合器要将静止的变速器轴同发动机接合起来，此时发动机必须高速旋转以提供足够大的功率，否则载荷过大将引起发动机熄火。 2) The driving member The driving
41、 member consists of two parts: the flywheel and the pressure plate. The flywheel is bolted directly to the engine crankshaft and rotates when the crankshaft turns. The pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel. The result is that both flywheel and pressure plate rotate together. (p74) 主动部分由飞轮和压盘两部件组成
42、。飞轮用螺栓直接连接到发动机曲轴上，随曲轴旋转而旋转。压盘与飞轮连接，这样飞轮和压盘一起旋转。 3) The driven member The driven member, or clutch disc, is located between the flywheel and pressure plate. The disc has a splined hub that locks to the splined input shaft on the gearbox. Any rotation of the clutch disc turns the input shaft. 从动部分位于飞轮
43、和压盘之间。从动盘上有花键毂，连接着变11 速器上 花键的输入轴。从动盘的旋转 动变速器输入轴随之转动。 4) Operating members These are the parts that release pressure from the clutch disc. The operating members consist of the clutch pedal, clutch return spring, clutch linkage, clutch fork, and throwout bearing. The clutch linkage includes the clutch
44、 pedal and a mechanical or hydraulic system to move the other operating members. 操纵机构释放离合器盘的压力。操纵机构由离合器踏板、回位弹簧、离合器杆系、分离叉和分离轴承等组成。离合器杆系包括离合器踏板以及用来移动其它操纵部件的机械或液压操纵系统。 3.4 Universal Joints (UJ 万向节） 1）The suspension connects the final drive assembly to the car body. The final drive moves up and down in
45、relation to the engine and transmission. A coupling is needed that permits movement between the final drive and transmission. The universal joints provide this coupling. 悬架连接着主减速器(后桥)总成和车身。主减速器相对于发动机和变速器上下运动，这样在主减速器 和变速器之间就需要万向节这种连接装置来允许其相对运动。 2）A shaft which receives the drive from a cross type joi
46、nt varies its speed during rotation; the greater the drive angle the greater the speed variation. A constant rotational speed can be restored by fitting a second joint in a way such that when the first joint increases its speed the second joint decreases its 12 speed. 传动轴接收十字轴式万向节传来的动力，转动时其速度发生变化。传动
47、角越大，速度变化越大。要实现等速，必须以某种方式安装第二个万向节，这样第一个万向节使转速增大，第二个万向节就使转速减少。 3）Planetary gears are used mainly in final drives, rear- mounted splitter boxes and, above all, in automatic transmissions. The simplest form of planetary gear (the planetary-gear train) consists of sun gear, ring gear and arm with planet gears. Each of the three elements may act as drive, output or may be at rest. Therefore, great variation is possible as regards the transmission ratio, ranging as far as a reversal of the direction of rotation. The parallel meshing of several gears under load permits a compact construction.
