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1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文学 院 经济管理学院 专 业 工商管理 年级班别 学 号 学生姓名 指导教师 2007 年 6 月 15 日目 录1 外文文献译文.11.1 管理沟通的有效方法12 外文文献原文42.1 The Effective Methods In Management And Communication.43 外文文献译文93.1 管理就是沟通.94 外文文献原文.124.1 The Management Is The Communication.12The Management Is The CommunicationThe management commun
2、ication is in the management the extremely important part.The management and by the superintendent between the effective communication is any management art essence.But the organization is for achieves its common goal according to certain rule and the procedure the coagulation community, the organiz
3、ation goal realization or not is decided in the organization the management communicates unimpededly, the effective management communication is whether advantageous in the information is organizing internal full flowing and sharing, may enhance the organization the working efficiency, the enhancemen
4、t organization decision-making science, the rationality. Moreover the behavioral science theory tells us, organizes the member is not the pure material interest pursuer, they simultaneously also have the energetic level demand.For instance said to the organization (enterprise) sense of belonging, se
5、nse of honor and sense of participation, but all these also all are draws support in the effective management communication can realize.Because only then the effective management communication, organizes members opinion, the suggestion to be able to obtain the full value; Only then the effective org
6、anization communication, organizes the appraisal and the approval which members job performance can obtain should have.Looked like from the enterprise culture that, the enterprise culture is the enterprise core values which the enterprise staff altogether has, is consciousness category.The enterpris
7、e culture formation depends on in organizes between members good communication to achieve the final values the approval.Therefore said, manages the communication is all business management behavior soul. Mentions “the management communication”, Management science Principle has inevitably in any edit
8、ion involves.Its important nature is obvious.But as if very many business management personnel regarding this not very big interest, because they thought: The communication is not the very difficult matter, we not all are every day carrying on various communication in the enterprise internal and ext
9、ernal? Indeed, we constantly all are communicating, just like we breathe the air same nature. But, we organize the management communication carries on is not very effective, is perfect as well as is full.The result appeared many information distortions, organizes internal fill rumor rumors; The rela
10、tionship between superior and subordinate is not harmonious, between the colleague suspected mutually, the upper formation decision-making cannot obtain carries out and so on fully not the good situation. These regarding the organization (enterprise), all is the hidden danger questions which the org
11、anization develops.How improves the management communication to avoid or to reduce these questions effectively the appearance? This is one organizes the question now under the information society background which (enterprise) the leader and the administrative personnels all are worth carefully exami
12、ning and taking.What is the management? Replied this question said always is the puzzle all management scholar and manages practitioners matter, management extension extremely broadness, as big as National governments activity, as slightly as the common common peoples basic kitchen necessities firew
13、ood, all is making the management.Management environment intense influence, although has some rules to be possible to seek, but more times needs to make the judgment according to the environment special details, then motion. Therefore all said the management not only is a science also is an art.Supe
14、rintendents responsibility nothing but is the plan, the organization, the association accent, the human affairs, the control, superintendents work is manages the respective staff through to achieve the organization goal.But more practices proved that, superintendents successful key lies in to lead .
15、Humanist, drives the morale, the building atmosphere, by the effective realization organization and staffs win-win goal, is now at last a role which the superintendent should take on. I believed that, the communication is extremely important, therefore, I believed, the management is the communicatio
16、n. What is the communication? The communication is refers to the information, the thought and the emotion in the management science definition the process which or between the community transmits in individual.The communication goal is not merely to the significance transmission, but also must to th
17、e significance understand and achieve the mutual recognition.“Regardless of great thought, if does not transmit for other people and were understood by other people, all is meaningless.” An information age big characteristic is the change. The time is changing, the market is also changing, the enter
18、prise took social the economic subject, must prompt be supposed to the market shift, accelerates the information transmission and the feedback, this the speed and the pipeline multiplication which communicates to the enterprise and so on set the new request.Carry on thoroughly along with the time ch
19、ange as well as the enterprise reform, the enterprise personnels structure also had the very sweeping change, the staff youth oriented, the knowledge-based degree had the enhancement, took the self-value the realization, therefore the modern business management take human this management as a mainst
20、ream. Japan manages the scientist to believe that, the humanist management is a method which one kind of dependence opens heart mutually, makes each person to realize correctly to him the duty and the load responsibility which should complete in the organization.This kind of management pattern empha
21、sis human sentiment and user friendly.But must implement the management, the communication utilization is effectively a good principle.American renowned future cigar John Naisbitt once said that,“The future competition will be the management competition, the competition focal point lies in between e
22、ach social organization internal member and with in exterior organizations effective communication”. The communication is the management most important constituent, may say the communication is any management art essence.The classics management theory school of thought management seven functions dis
23、cuss are: Plan,organization, human affairs, direction, coordination, report, budget, in these seven aspects, regardless of is the plan formulation, the work organization, between the human affairs coordination, enterprises management, departments exchange cannot leave the communication.May not exagg
24、erate said that, “the management is the communication,” the communication is deciding the management quality and the level. The management is the communication, but, the management needs the high grade communication or the effective communication.The communication premise is the respect, the trust a
25、nd the understanding, the communication promotes each other respect, the trust and the management.Not only the communication is a quantity concept, is not looked we opened how many time wrangled the meeting, have not sent how many mails; Not wrote how many pages of reports, has not sent how many ins
26、tructions; More importantly, the communication is an archery target concept, must think between us carried on how many sincerely to have the responsibility exchange.Not only communication information transmission, the emotion, the thought exchange, only has the information transmission not to be abl
27、e to bring any fundamental to the management improvement, only then the true emotion and the thought exchange occurrence, the information communication only then can play the role which should have.We are entering the knowledge economy and the emotion economical time, peoples work content are more a
28、nd more many by the knowledge, the thought is composed for the core information processing and the transmission, more and more many work bring have the need take the sentiment as the foundation interpersonal interaction color.Speaking of the enterprise, staffs creativity and interpersonal relationsh
29、ip ability gradually will occupy the leading role, but staffs creation ability and interpersonal relationship ability will receive immediate superiors management style and the corporate culture influence. From the technological innovation angle, researches and develops the personnel if cannot have t
30、he good mood, displays very difficultly own talent; Looked from service reforming, if does not have the good mood in the company interior, he serves directly the customer not greatly possibly feels the good mood.Therefore needs through the communication to understand any is the staff true need, any
31、is, any which the staff worries is, only then has found out these basic situations which the staff likes, Can let the staff not have the extra worries, in work time can not take into consideration invests own complete energy into the operation in, seeks the benefit maximization for the company.On ta
32、kes US General Electric Company, it all implements “the open door policy” from the topmost story leader to all levels of department responsible for the work the policy, welcome the staff to enter their office reflection situation as necessary.The company straight shouts its from top to bottom, does
33、not have division of the high and low, respects mutually, each other dependence, the relations is extremely harmonious kindly, looks like big family who advances boldly harmoniously. Closes right up against this kind of sentimental communication -like management, the General Electric Company is deve
34、loping by the astonishing speed.This kind of emotion communication -like management gives the human by the profound inspiration.Humans factor is the key which the enterprise succeeds is at.The business management in the final analysis is personhoods work, in which idea conformity is a forerunner.All
35、 management question sums up to finally all communicates the question.Superintendents most vital duty lies in trains between the staff the healthy relations.This science knew regardless of were theoretically or practices all obtains has verified. X theory thought the human is the economic man, enter
36、prises efficiency originates from the strict management, strict is the biggest loving care, must strengthen to the staff achievements strict inspection.The Y theory realized to the human is the social person, is vigorously to staffs highest reward.But the Z theory had surmounted X, the Y theory, tho
37、ught the human is the cultural worker, road of the management lies in by the sentiment system principle, emphasizes the enterprise internal communication specially.Depends on the enterprise which the communication way management subdues all is practices the Z theory the successful model.管理就是沟通管理沟通是管
38、理中极为重要的部分。管理与被管理者之间有效沟通是任何管理艺术的精髓。组织是按一定规则和程序为实现其共同目标而结集的群体，组织目标的实现与否取决于组织中的管理沟通是否畅通，有效的管理沟通有利于信息在组织内部的充分流动和共享，可以提高组织的工作效率，增强组织决策的科学、合理性。另外行为科学理论告诉我们，组织成员并不是单纯的物质利益追求者，他们同时还有精神层次的需求。比如说对组织（企业）的归属感、荣誉感和参与感，而这一切也都是借助于有效的管理沟通得以实现的。因为只有有效的管理沟通，组织成员的意见、建议才能得到充分的重视；只有有效的组织沟通，组织成员的工作成绩才能得到应有的评价和认可。从企业文化看来，
39、企业文化是企业员工所共有的企业核心价值观，属意识范畴。企业文化的形成有赖于组织成员之间的良好沟通以达成最后价值观的认同。所以说，管理沟通是一切企业管理行为的灵魂。谈起“管理沟通”，在任何一版管理学原理中必然有所涉及。其重要性自然可见。但似乎很多企业管理人员对此并没有很大兴趣，因为他们认为:沟通并不是很难的事，我们每天不都在企业内外部进行着各种各样的沟通吗？的确，我们无时无刻都在沟通，正如我们呼吸空气一样自然。可是，我们组织的管理沟通的进行并不是很有效、完善以及充分。结果就出现了许多信息扭曲，组织内部充满谣言蜚语;上下级关系不和谐,同事之间相互猜忌，上层决策得不到充分地执行等不良情况。这些对于组
40、织（企业）来说，都是组织发展的隐患问题。如何有效地改善管理沟通以避免或减少这些问题的出现呢？这是一个在当今信息社会背景下组织（企业）领导者和管理人员都值得重新审视和重视的问题。什么是管理? 回答这个问题说一直是困扰所有管理学者和管理实践者的事, 管理的外延非常之宽泛, 大到国家政府的活动, 小到寻常老百姓的油盐酱醋柴, 都是在做管理。管理环境的强烈影响, 虽然有一些规律可寻, 但更多的时候需要根据环境的具体情况做出判断, 进而行动。所以都说管理既是一门科学又是一门艺术。管理者的职责无非是计划、组织、协调、人事、控制, 管理者的工作就是通过管理所属员工实现组织目标。但更多的实践证明, 管理者的成
41、功关键在于 领导。以人为本, 激励士气, 营造氛围, 以有效实现组织和员工双赢的目标, 这才是管理者应担当的角色。我个人认为, 沟通是极为重要的, 因此,我认为, 管理就是沟通。到底什么是沟通呢? 沟通在管理学中的定义是指信息、思想和情感在个人或群体间传递的过程。沟通的目的不仅仅是对意义的传递，还要对意义加以理解并达到共识。“无论多伟大的思想，如果不传递给其他人并被其他人理解，都是毫无意义的。”信息时代一大特征就是变化。时代在变，市场也在变，企业作为社会的经济主体，必须及时应对市场变化，加速信息的传递和反馈，这对企业沟通的速度与管道的多元化等提出了新的要求。随着时代的变化以及企业改革的深入进行
42、，企业人员的结构也发生了很大变化，员工年轻化、知识化程度有所提高，更重视自我价值的实现，因此现代企业管理以人本管理为主流。日本管理学家认为，以人为本管理就是一种依靠相互交心的方法，使每个人正确认识到他在组织中应完成的任务和担负的责任。这种管理模式强调人情化和人性化。而要有效实施管理，沟通的运用是一良好法则。美国著名未来雪茄约翰奈斯比特曾说:“ 未来的竞争将是管理的竞争, 竞争的焦点在于每个社会组织内部成员之间及其与外部组织的有效沟通上”。沟通是管理的最为重要的组成部分, 可以说沟通是任何管理艺术的精髓。经典管理理论学派的管理七职能论为: 计划、组织、人事、指挥、协调、报告、预算, 在这七个方面
43、, 无论是计划的制定、工作的组织、人事的管理、部门间的协调、企业间的交流都离不开沟通。可以毫不夸张地说, “ 管理就是沟通, ” 沟通决定着管理的质量与水平。管理就是沟通, 但是, 管理需要高质量的沟通或者有效沟通。沟通的前提是尊重、信任和理解, 沟通又促进彼此的尊重、信任和管理。沟通不仅是一个量的概念, 不是看我们开了多少次扯皮会、不是发了多少次邮件; 不是写了多少页报告、不是发了多少次指令; 更重要的是, 沟通是一个质的概念, 要看我们之间进行了多少真诚而有责任的交流。沟通不只是信息的传递, 还是情感、思想的交流, 仅有信息传递不会给管理带来什么根本性的改善, 只有真正的情感和思想交流发生
44、, 信息沟通才会发挥应有的作用。我们正在进入知识经济和情感经济时代,人们的工作内容越来越多由知识、思想为核心的信息加工与传递组成, 越来越多的工作带来有需要以感情为基础的人际互动色彩。对企业而言, 员工的创造力和人际关系能力将渐渐占主导作用, 而员工的创造能力和人际关系能力又受到直接上级的管理风格和公司文化的影响。从技术创新的角度, 研发人员如果不能有好的心情, 很难把自己的才干发挥出来; 从服务转型来看, 如果在公司内部没有好心情, 他直接服务的客户也不大可能感受到好的心情。因此就需要通过沟通来了解什么是员工真正需要的, 什么是员工所烦心的, 什么是员工所喜爱的, 只有了解了这些基本情况,
45、才能让员工无后顾之忧, 在工作的时候能毫无顾及的将自己的全部精力投入到操作中, 为公司谋求利益最大化。就拿美国通用电气公司来说, 它从最高层领导到各级主管部门都实行“ 门户开放” 政策, 欢迎员工随时进入他们的办公室反映情况。公司从上到下直呼其名, 无尊卑之分, 互相尊重, 彼此依赖, 关系非常融洽亲切, 像一个和睦奋进的大家庭。靠着这种感情沟通式的管理, 通用电气公司以惊人的速度发展着。这种情感沟通式的管理给人以深刻的启迪。人的因素是企业成功的关键所在。企业管理说到底就是做人的工作, 其中观念整合是先导。所有的管理问题归结到最后都是沟通问题。管理者的最重要的任务就在于培养起员工之间健康的关系
46、。这一科学认识无论是理论上还是实践上都得到了印证。X理论认为人是经济人, 企业的效率来源于严格的管理, 严格是最大的爱护, 必须强化对员工绩效的严密考核。Y理论则认识到人更是社会人, 极力是对员工的最高奖赏。而Z理论则超越了X、Y理论, 认为人是文化人, 管理之道在于以情制理, 特别强调企业内部的沟通。靠沟通方式管理制胜的企业都是实践Z理论的成功典范。Authors：Gillard, S. ; Johansen, J.Author affiliation：Sch. of Bus., Southern Indiana Univ., Evansville, IN, USASerial title：
47、Journal of Information Science1 管理沟通的有效方法实施有效的管理 ,是培养企业核心竞争能力的基础。核心竞争能力是指企业的技能和竞争力的集合。从某种意义上说 ,企业是可以用来获得特许市场地位的各种专门化资源的积累 ,是一种可持续的竞争优势。一个企业的历史和经历、特点和文化、优势和能力对于企业的竞争力的形成至关重要。企业可以看成是具有不同实用性的各种资源的集合 ,管理的对象是各种资源。管理工作就是对各种资源进行合理、有效的配置和利用。实施管理的过程 ,就是信息的传递与反馈的过程。作为企业的主体 ,人是一种极为特殊和重要的资源 ,是决定企业核心竞争力最根本的要素。一个
48、企业的群体成员之间进行交流包括相互在物质上的帮助、支持和感情上的交流、沟通。人与人之间的信息交流就是沟通。信息的沟通是联系企业共同目的和企业中有协作的个人之间的桥梁。沟通如果有效 ,则双方会迅速得到准确有用的信息。管理者最重要的功能是把企业构想、使命、期望与绩效等信息准确地传递到职工 ,并指引和带领他们完成目标。除了组织、策划、计划、控制以外 ,还需要在整个工作过程中对部下施加一种影响力 ,使他们不仅心甘情愿地服从 ,而且乐于工作 ,为实现本企业的目标而努力。随着信息沟通技术的不断发展 ,企业的组织结构越来越向有利于信息沟通的方向发展 ,具有较少层次的扁平型组织结构是现代企业管理的发展趋势。工作人员在完成其工作的过程中 ,越来越多地依靠信息来驱动。这种趋势显示了向实际工作人员提供正确与及时信息的重要性。为了用分散的方式使决策更接近于客户 ,企业内部的信息
