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1、浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异文化研究【摘要】本文通过对中国餐桌礼仪和西方餐桌礼仪进行比较,旨在更深了解餐桌礼仪,以便顺利的实现跨文化交际。【关键词】餐桌礼仪;中西方差异一、前言由于中西方所处的自然环境和劳动方式的不同,使中西方在餐饮礼仪方面有许多差别。我国的饮食文化源远流长,博大精深,据文献记载:至少在周代,饮食礼仪已形成了一套相当完善的制度。这些礼仪日臻成熟和完善,它们在古代社会发挥过重要的作用,对现代社会依然产生着影响。西方餐桌礼仪起源于法国梅罗文加王朝,在20 世纪,意大利文化流入法国,餐桌礼仪和菜单用语均变得更为优雅精致,教导礼仪的著作亦纷纷面世。时至今日,餐桌礼仪还在欧洲国家继续传留下去。随
2、着西方文化大量涌入中国,中国传统礼仪也不断受到西方礼仪文化的冲击,保护中国传统礼仪,并与西方礼仪进行有效地融合,更有利于我们和西方各国的跨文化交际。二、中西餐桌礼仪差异1、席位安排礼仪(1)中餐餐桌礼仪。在中餐宴请活动中,往往采用圆桌。不单是在不同位置摆放的圆桌有尊卑的区别,每张圆桌上的不同座次也有尊卑之分。由两桌组成的小型宴请通常是两桌横排或两桌竖排的形式。当两桌横排时,面对正门右边的桌子是主桌;当两桌竖排时,离正门最远的那张桌子是主桌。由三桌或三桌以上的数桌所组成的宴请除了注意“门面定位”,“以右为尊”,“以远为上”等规则外,还应兼顾其他各桌离主桌的远近。通常,距离主桌越近,桌次越高;距离
3、主桌越远,桌次越低。每张餐桌上排列位次的基本方法有以下五点: 主人大都应面对正门而坐,并在主桌就坐。主宾和副主宾分别坐在主人的右侧和左侧。举行多桌宴请时,每桌都要有一位主桌主人的代表在座。位置一般和主桌主人同向,有时也可以面向主桌主人。各桌次的尊卑,应以与这桌主人的距离远近来定,离主人近的位置比较尊贵。与本桌主人的距离相同的位次,则以本桌主人面向为准,主人座位右边的位置比较尊贵。如果主宾身份高于主人,为表示尊重,可以安排在主人位子上坐,主人则坐在主宾的位置上。对于少于5人的便餐,位次的排列可以遵循四个原则:右高左低;中坐为尊;面门为上;灵活安排。2、西餐餐桌礼仪西餐中,一般均使用长桌。在正式宴
4、会上桌次的高低尊卑以距离主桌的位置远近而定,越靠右的桌次越尊贵,在同一桌上,越靠近主人的位置越尊贵。在正式宴会上,英国式座位的顺序是:男女主人坐在桌子的两头,客人男女错开坐在桌子两侧,男主宾和女主宾分别坐在女主人和男主人的右边。如果客人中没有主宾,女主人可把客人中年龄最大的女士安排在男主人右边。在非正式宴会上,遵循女士优先的原则。如果是男女二人进餐,男士应请女士坐在自己的右边,还要注意不可让她坐在人来人往的过道边;若只有一个靠墙的位置,应请女士就坐,男士坐在她的对面;如果是两对夫妻就餐,夫人们应坐在靠墙的位置上,先生们则坐在各自夫人的对面;如果两位男士陪同一位女士进餐,女士应坐在两位男士的中间
5、;如果两位同性进餐,靠墙的位置应让给其中的年长者。此外,男士应当主动为女士移动椅子让女生先坐。二、餐具的使用礼仪1、中餐餐具的摆放和使用方法(1)筷子。筷子是中餐最重要的餐具。在使用当中,用餐前筷子一定要整齐的放在饭碗的右侧,用餐后一定要整齐的竖向放在饭碗的正中。不论筷子上是否残留着食物,都不要去舔;和人交谈时,要暂时放下筷子;不要把筷子竖直插放在食物上面;不能用筷子剔牙、挠痒或用来夹取食物以外的东西。(2)勺子。勺子主要是用来喝汤的,有时也可以用来取形状比较小的菜。用勺子取食物时,不要过满,免得溢出来弄脏餐桌或自己的衣服。用勺子取食物后,要立即食用或放在自己的碟子里,如果取用的食物太烫,可以
6、先放到自己的碗里等凉了再吃,千万不要用嘴去吹,也不要把勺子塞进嘴里,或反复吮吸。(3)盘子。盘子主要用来盛食物的,根据所盛食物的多少和形状不同而大小形状各异。稍微小一点的盘子为食碟,一般放在碗的左边,是用来暂放从公用菜盘里取来享用的菜肴。用食碟时,一次不要取过多的菜肴,不要把多种菜肴放在一起,以防它们相互串味。不吃的残渣、骨、刺应放在食盘的前端,放的时候不能直接从嘴里吐在食碟上,要用筷子加放到碟子旁边。(4)水杯。水杯主要用来盛放清水、汽水、果汁、可乐等饮料,一般放在碟子的左上方。不要用它来盛酒,也不要倒扣水杯。另外,喝进嘴里的东西不能再吐回水杯。(5)餐巾。在用餐前,比较讲究的餐厅或主人,会
7、为每位用餐者上一块湿毛巾,它只是用来擦手的,擦手后,由服务员或主人拿走。有时候,在正式宴会结束前,会上一块湿毛巾,它是用来擦嘴的,不能擦脸、抹汗。(6)牙签。剔牙时,应用另一只手掩住口部,剔出来的东西,不要当众欣赏或再次入口,也不要随手乱弹,随口乱吐。剔牙后,不要长时间的叼着牙签。2、西餐餐具的摆放和使用方法(1)餐具摆放和取用原则。餐具摆放时托盘居中,左叉右刀,刀尖向上,刀口向内,盘前横匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右,其余用具酌情摆放。酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等,摆法是从左到右,依次摆烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香槟酒杯,啤酒杯。西餐中餐巾放在盘子里,如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某种事物时,餐巾就放在盘
8、子旁边。餐具的取用应由外而内,切用时可以使用法式方式,即左手拿叉右手拿刀,边切边用;也可用英美式,即右手拿刀,左手拿叉,切好后再改用右手拿叉取用。一般用右手拿汤匙和杯子,用餐具把食物送到嘴里,而不要把盘碗端起来。(2)餐具的使用方法。刀叉的使用原则:使用刀叉进餐时,刀用来切割食物,叉用来送食物入口。使用刀时,刀刃不可向外。而且不可将刀叉的一端放在盘子上,另一端放在桌子上;进餐中需要暂时放下刀叉时,应摆成“八”字型,分别放置餐盘边上,刀刃朝向自己,表示还要继续吃;用餐结束后,将叉子的背面向上,刀刃向内与叉子并拢,平息放置于餐盘上,表示用餐结束。谈话时有肢体语言或传菜时,应将刀叉放下,不要手拿刀叉
9、在空中挥动。用完刀叉后,应将其横放于餐盘中央,而不是盘边或餐桌上;放置方式为刀口朝着自己,叉口朝左,以便于取走时的安全性。餐匙的使用原则:通常,餐匙可以分为两种,一种是汤匙,个头比较大,被摆放在右侧最外端,与刀并齐摆放;一种是甜品匙,个头比较小,被横摆在吃甜品所用的刀叉正上方。当用汤匙合调味料时,需右手拿汤匙,左手拿叉。食物切好后,在盘中上将食物与酱料一同舀起食用;喝完汤之后,应该把汤匙放在餐盘对面的一方。要注意餐匙绝对不能直接用来舀取任何主食或者菜肴,已经开始使用的餐匙不能放回原处。酒杯的使用原则:在西餐中,吃不同的菜需要搭配不同的酒,通常不同的酒杯用来喝不同的酒。在每位用餐者右边餐刀的上方
10、,会摆着三四只酒水杯。可一次由外侧向内侧使用,一般香槟酒 杯、红葡萄酒杯、白葡萄酒杯以及水杯是不可缺少的。3、西餐上菜顺序的差异中餐上菜顺序是:先上凉菜、饮料及酒,后上热菜,然后上主食,最后上甜食和水果。宴会上桌数很多时,各桌的每一道菜应同时上。上菜顺序依然保持传统,先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上;上单份菜或配菜和小吃先宾后主,上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜,不能头尾朝向正主位。上菜的方式大体上有以下几种:一是把大盘菜端上,由各人自取;二是由侍者托着菜盘逐一给每位分让;三是用小碟盛放,每人一份。在正式宴席上,菜式的吃法很像放映的幻灯片,每一次一道菜。西餐上菜程序通常是:面包黄油凉菜汤海鲜主
11、菜甜点心咖啡和水果。冷菜、汤,同时就着面包吃。凉菜也叫开胃小菜,作为第一道菜,一般与开胃酒并用。汤分渍汤和奶油浓汤。主菜有鱼、猪肉、牛肉、鸡等。甜食常有冰淇淋、布丁等。4、用餐过程中应注意的礼仪(1)餐桌上取食的礼仪。中餐的取食原则:菜品需由主宾先取;取菜时,不要取得太多;邻座的男士可以替女士服务。敬酒应以年龄大小、职务高低、宾主身份为序,要先给尊者、长者敬酒。应注意的事项:取菜时不要左顾右盼,在公用的菜盘里挑挑拣拣;多人一桌用餐,取菜应注意相互礼让,依次而行,取用适量;够不着的菜,可以请人帮忙盛取,切忌起身甚至离座去取;进餐时不要打嗝,吃面喝汤时也不要发出“呼噜声”;假如打了喷嚏、肠鸣、咳嗽
12、,应说一声“对不起”之类的话以示歉意。西餐的取食原则:进餐时尽量不要发出餐刀刮盘子的声音;就餐时尽量少说话,饭后吃甜点时才是聊天时间;喝汤时,用汤勺从里向外舀,不要发出声;吃面包时,先用刀将其切成两半,然后用手撕成块吃;吃意大利面时应用叉子慢慢将面条卷起来送入口中,如果不是条形的面,直接用叉匙舀起来即可;吃水果时不要拿着水果整个去咬,应先用水果刀切成几瓣,再用刀去掉皮、核,用叉子叉着吃。应注意的事项:不要用自己的餐具为他人夹菜;不要将盘子里的食物全部切好后再用右手拿叉子吃;骨头或者不吃的食物,不能扔在地上或放在台布上,而应当放在盘子的一角。(2)餐桌上交谈的礼仪。中餐讲究热闹,喜欢边吃边聊。交
13、谈时注意几点:讲话要有分寸、有礼节、有教养、有学识。避隐私、避浅薄、避粗鄙、避忌讳,不宜深谈对方不感兴趣的话题,交谈中要神态专注,用词委婉,礼让对方。西方餐桌上以静为主,进餐时与左右客人交谈,但应避免高声谈笑。不要只同几个熟人交谈,左右客人如不认识,可选自我介绍,别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。5、餐桌上离席的礼仪中餐在宴会结束时,只能由主人来示意宴会结束;在主人和主宾离开座位后,其它宾客才能散席;主人应在门口为宾客送行;客人应向主人致谢;如果中途道别只需和主人打个招呼或向左右宾客点头示意即可。西餐在宴会结束时,首先将腿上的餐巾拿起,随意叠好,再把餐巾放在餐桌的左侧,然后起身离座。用餐后,须等男、女主人
14、离席后,其他宾客方可离席。离席时,应帮助隔座长者或女士拖拉座椅,告别时应向主人致谢,更为慎重时,还可再以电话或谢卡致谢。三、结语通过中西餐桌礼仪的比较,发现个人在用餐的仪态会对别人造成某种程度的心理影响。我国正面临着前所未有的挑战,无论在物质还是精神和文化方面,都急迫的需要一套完整合理的价值观进行统一,只有了解了中西礼仪文化的差异,将二者合理有机的融合,方能建立适合我国当代社会的礼仪文化体系和消除在跨文化交际中由于文化障碍而产生的误解,对我国文明的发展和在国外生存有一定的帮助作用。【参考文献】 1 段洁,陈谦. 餐桌礼仪与口才M . 中国经济出版社, 2008. 1. 2 胡文仲,杜学增. 中
15、英文化习俗比较M ,外语教学与研究出版社, 1999. 7. 3 胡文仲,平洪,张国扬. 英语习语与英美文化M ,外语教学与研究出版社, 2000. 1. 4 金正昆,礼仪金说M . 陕西师范大学出版社, 2006. 5. 5 王小梅. 不可不知的1000 个礼仪常识M . 中央翻译出版社, 2008. 9. 6 殷莉,韩晓玲. 英语习语与民俗文化M . 北京大学出版社,2007. 11. 7 张晓梅. 小梅说礼仪M . 中国青年出版社, 2008. 1.(上接第108页)317 - 327. 2 Lin, Yutang. My Country and My Peop le M . 北京:外语
16、教学与研究出版社, 2000. 3 Lin, Yutang. The Importance of LivingM . 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1998. 4 Zhang, Kuiwu. Survey of Britain & America M . 长春:吉林科学出版社, 2002. 5 杜学增. 中英(英语国家)文化习俗比较M . 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1999. 6 李新柳. 东西方文化比较导论M. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2005. 7 刘承华. 文化与人格对中西方文化差异的一次比较M . 合肥:中国科学技术出大学出版社, 2002. 8 滕延江,王勇. 民族文化心理与饮食
17、习俗的跨文化对比分析 J . 潍坊学院学报. 2005 (9) : 117 - 120. 浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异 【 pick to 】 this article through to the Chinese table manners and western table manners, compared to a deeper understanding of the table manners, so as to realize smooth intercultural communication.【 key words 】 table manners; Differences betwe
18、en Chinese and westernThis articleThe differences between Chinese and western in the natural environment and the different ways of labor, make the differences between Chinese and western culture in restaurantsTheres a lot of difference etiquette. Our countrys food culture has a long history, and ext
19、ensive and profound, according to document to rememberLoad: at least in the zhou dynasty, diet etiquette has formed a fairly sound system. These manners,Reaches maturity and perfection in the ancient society, they played an important role in modern society is still, productionThe effect was born. We
20、stern table manners started in France may LuoWenJia dynasty, in the 20 th century, ItalyThe culture into France, table manners and menu expressions are become more elegant and delicate, teach mannersWork is also available in succession. Today, the table manners also in European countries continue to
21、 ChuanLiu down.Western culture with an influx of China, Chinese traditional etiquette is also constantly by western etiquette cultureThe impact of the protection of traditional etiquette, China, and with the etiquette of western effective integration, betterWe and the western countries intercultural
22、 communication.Second, Chinese and western table manners differences1, seats arrangement etiquette(1) Chinese food table manners. In Chinese banquets, often take the round table. Not just inDifferent positions of the round the difference between being a round table, each of the different seating als
23、o have the honour lowPoints. By two table of small fete is usually two table the horizontally or two table ShuPai form. When two tableThe horizontally, when on the right of the front desk is Lord table; When two table ShuPai, from the farthest on the front doorThe table is the main table. By three t
24、able or more than three table number of dinner table of besides attention appearance setA , to the right for honour, beyond the rules for the consideration should be given to both the other table of a table. The Lord is far fromNear. Usually, the distance from the table more close, and the higher th
25、e table times; The farther the distance table, desk time is lower.Each table arrangement of the seating arrangement has the following five basic methods: (1) the master should face the mostMain gate and sit, and sit in the table. The guest and deputy chief guest sit at the right and the master respe
26、ctively on the left.(2) more than a table, held each table should have a master table master represent all. Position generalAnd the main table as the first degree turn, sometimes also can master the table for master. (3) the table times, with the honour low should beThis table of master of distance
27、to decide, from the position of the master is nearly honor. (4) the table with masterThe distance of the seating arrangement is same, in this table for master, master shall prevail on the right position comparison. SeatNoble. 5. If the guest of identity, respect for higher than the master, can be ar
28、ranged in the master the seatSit, host, sitting on the position of the guest. For less than 5, the arrangement of the seating arrangement meal can beFollow the four principles: right left lower; high Sitting in for honour; Face immediately for; Flexible arrangements.2, western-style food table manne
29、rsWestern food, the general all the long use. In a formal dinner ready to the discretion of the time being in distanceThe position of the table near the and decide, on the right of the table times more noble, in the same table, the closer the masterPosition the honour. In a formal dinner, the order
30、of the British seat is: men and women host sits tableThe two ends of the son, the men and women sitting at a desk, on both sides of the man stagger the guest and NvZhu Penn NvZhu respectively. SittingAnd the male host on the right. If the guest in the guest, the hostess but not the age of the guests
31、Big lady arranged in male host on the right. In an informal dinner party, follow the principles of ladies first.If two people dine is men and women, men should please lady sitting in your own right hand, but also pay attention to not letShe sat in the heats had people come and go; If only one agains
32、t the wall, should please lady sitting position, maleThen sit on her on; If two couples repast, ladies should sit by the position of the wall,Gentlemen, sitting on their opposite; Mrs. If two men accompanied a lady to dine, madamShould be sitting in the middle of the two men; If two gay dine, rely o
33、n a wall should be located to itOlder people. In addition, the man shall voluntarily for lady move chairs let girls sit down first.Second, the use of tableware etiquette1, Chinese food tableware put and use(1) the chopsticks. Chopsticks are the most important Chinese tableware. Using in the center,
34、before a meal a chopsticksTo be neat, the rice bowl right after meals must be straight vertical rice bowl of positive. No matter whether remain food chopsticks, dont go to lick; And during a conversation, to temporarily putThe chopsticks; Dont put the chopsticks inserted in food; above vertical Cant
35、 use chopsticks teeth, scratch a little or useTo clip food things outside.(2) the spoon. Spoon is mainly used to drink soup, and sometimes also can be used to take shape quite smallThe food. But spoons get food, dont too full, lest overflow to dirty table or their clothesClothing. But spoons get foo
36、d, immediately after eating or put on her plate, if access foodContent is too hot, can be in your bowl and cool to eat, 10 million dont blow with the mouth, also do notTo spoon plug into the mouth, or repeated to suck.(3) the dishes. Mainly used to put the food dish, according to the food and how ma
37、ny and form notWith different shapes and sizes. A little bit a little bit small plates for food dish, generally in the left side of the bowl, isUsed to temporarily put dishes from the public to get to enjoy dishes. With food dish, a dont take too muchDishes, dont put the DuoZhong dishes together, ju
38、st in case they applicant each other. Dont eat of residue,Bone, thorn in the plate should be the front of, cant put directly from the bark on a plate, in food withChopsticks add in dish side.(4) cup. Mainly used for holding water glass, soda, fruit juice, coke, etc drinks, generalThe plate on the up
39、per left. Dont use it to wine, also do not pour cup. In addition, drink into mouthWhat cant spit back to the cup.(5) the napkin. In before having dinner, more exquisite and restaurant or master, will be for each diner on oneWet towels, it just to wipe the hand, after hand rub, by a waiter or master
40、take away. Sometimes, inA formal dinner, meeting before the end of a wet towel, it is used to wipe your mouth, can brush a face, wipe the sweat.(6) toothpick. When your teeth, the application of the other hand cover mouth and department, carved out of the things, do not whenAll the appreciate or again, also do not conveniently strum entrance, freely to vomit. A After your teeth, dont long time
