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1、THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONGDepartment of Social Work and Social AdministrationSOWK0060Career Skill TrainingDr Yeung Ka Ching FrederickGroup members: CHAN Sze-Yan, Cecily (2001491103) BSS IIICHANG Sze-Man, Jess (2001016422) BSc (MAEF) IIICHIU Kai-Yee, Crystal (2001445647) BSc (MATH) IIICHIU Lok-Kwan,
2、 Natalie (2001120041) BSc (APBT) IIINGO Hiu-Ka, Joyce (2001087196) BSS IIIWONG Kit-Ying, Gloria (2001305469) BSS IIIContent1. IntroductionP.32. Methodology.P.43. Background.P.64. Occupational influences.P.125. Risk & CostP.166. What we have learnt from the studyP.217. Conclusion.P.248. References.P.
3、269. AppendicesAppendix I) Kwongs Interview.P.27Appendix II) Cheungs Interview.P.32Appendix III) Los Interview.P.41Appendix IV) Mays Interview.P.47Appendix V) Public QuestionnaireP.56Appendix VI) Analysis of the Questionnaire.P.59Appendix VI) Individual ReflectionsP.721. IntroductionPaparazzi is a m
4、odern term to describe aggressive press photographers. This term is derived from Federico Fellinis 1959 film La Dolce Vita, in which a rapacious photographer pursuing European celebrities was call Paparazzo, and Italian word that literally means flashbulb popping gnat (Foerstel, 2001). Nowadays, pap
5、arazzi is a job that with heavy stigma. Albeit severe stigma is subscribed to paparazzi, it still appeals many job seekers due to better remunerations and fringe benefits.After the incident of Princess Dianas death, paparazzos image was attacked. This term is equivalent to dishonest, culpable, craft
6、y or even evil. Princess Diana has longed become a celebrity for mass media in Britain due to her fairy tale-like marriage and positive image of strong and benevolent especially after her divorced. She was dead in a car crush at the age of 36-year-old when she was vacationing with Mr. Al-Fayed. The
7、public pinpoint the cause of her death to the nine photographers who chased her vehicle on motorcycles. The moral issues of paparazzi are controversial and it might influence the psychological make up of journalists.According to our research, most people are unfamiliar with the actual work of papara
8、zzi and they may misunderstand the nature of it (Appendix 5). Thus, this project is going to investigate the nature, requirements and duties of paparazzi as well as how people perceive paparazzi. It is hope that we could have deeper understanding towards the work of paparazzi and discover the costs
9、and benefits of the job so that people could choose their career wisely. The information below takes references from interviews and questionnaire and literatures.First, it will point out the methodology of our research and then the background information of paparazzi will be explored. Third, the imp
10、act of paparazzi such as personal influence and social impact will be stated. Finally, the risk and cost of it will be indicated. 2. MethodologyIt seems that the work of paparazzi is a interesting and exciting. Everyday when we read the newspapers or gossip magazines, there is lots of news reported
11、by paparazzi. Besides this news, there is little information about the nature of work of paparazzi. What motivates the paparazzi join this field? Is the job of paparazzi immoral? Is it in high risk? The objective of this project is to find out the career of paparazzi. Both qualitative and quantitati
12、ve research methods are adopted so as to balance the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods.In order to obtain the reliable information of the paparazzi work, totally six qualitative interviews were conducted. It is definitely more effective for this complicated topic and generally pro
13、ducing fewer incomplete questionnaires. Qualitative data analysis has proven fruitful in the examination of small-scale face-to-face interaction. Among the six interviews, two interviewers claimed their interviewing scripts are not permitted to record in our project.l A face to face interview was co
14、nducted on 27th March 2004 with an existing paparazzi who works for Sudden Weekly for five years. (are not permitted to record)l A face to face interview was conducted on 27th March 2004 with an existing paparazzi who works for Monday for two years. (are not permitted to record)l A face to face inte
15、rview was conducted on 3rd April 2004 with a paparazzi team leader who works for Oriental Sunday for twenty years.l A face to face interview was conducted on 4th April 2004 with a breaking-news reporter who works for Oriental Daily for four years.l A face to face interview was conducted on 4th April
16、 2004 with a breaking news reporter who works for Apple Daily for eight years.l A face to face interview was conducted on 7th April 2004 with ex-paparazzi who worked for Sing Tao Daily. The questionnaire survey was conducted from 10th April to 13th April 2004, which aims at finding the general perce
17、ption of people towards paparazzi. It is appropriate for making descriptive studies of a larger population and the survey data may be used for explanatory purposes (Babbie, 2001). With the purpose of gathering the general perception towards paparazzi, there are three pools of population. They are th
18、e university students, housewives and career professionals. Their age range is from 20 to 45. The gender differences of the university students and career professionals are minimized. There are 15 male and 15 female respondents in the university student group; and 17 male and 13 female respondents i
19、n the career professional group. One hundred questionnaires including closed-ended and opened-ended questions were conducted on the street level. It is definitely more effective for producing fewer incomplete questionnaires. The response rate is 90% and 90 out of them were valid. The overall respons
20、e rate is one guide to the representativeness of the sample respondents. A high response rate indicates a less chance of significant response bias (Babbie, 2001).3. Background of Paparazzi3.1 Nature of WorkFrom the Chinese name of paparazzi “狗仔隊”, most probably, it is not difficult to figure out the
21、 nature of paparazzos job. Paparazzos duty is to follow the celebrities for the sake of discovering certain aspects of their lives which are hidden or unknown by the public. According to Kwong (Appendix 1), the paparazzi have to patrol by driving cars or walk the beat in the assigned districts, for
22、examples, the homes of the artists or the populated areas where the celebrities go very often such as Tsim Sha Tsui, Happy Valley, etc. During festivals like Christmas and Lunar New Year, paparazzi have to station in the airport in order to find out where and with whom those public figures spend the
23、ir holidays. Sometimes, they are asked to wait specifically outside the target persons home or follow his or her routes and daily lives. In fact, paparazzi are mainly responsible for taking photos and the content of that piece of news concerning the photo is determined by the editors and is done by
24、other reporters or writers stationed in the office.3.2 Entry Requirements Generally speaking, besides being able to drive and use camera, there is no specific entry requirement for the paparazzi. However, according to Kwong (Appendix 1), those who are young, energetic, pro-active and cheerful are mo
25、re suitable for this job. Moreover, good communication skills and flexibility are also important. According to May (Appendix 4), academic requirement for paparazzi is similar to that for breaking news reporters; they are not required to have tertiary education or high academic qualification. More im
26、portantly, they should be able drive fast and observe things well.Besides, according to Kwong (Appendix 1), there are more male than female being paparazzi. This probably due to the fact that men usually have stronger body and better physical strength which makes one more capable to handle the daily
27、 works of paparazzi such as working outside for long hours. However, female also have some advantages in carrying out certain tasks of paparazzi. For example, female paparazzi can go to the female toilets while male paparazzi definitely cannot do so.Indeed, there are several qualities or characteris
28、tics which are considered by the public to be necessary for being paparazzi. According to the survey conducted on the three groups of people (Appendix 5), most people think that paparazzi should be patient enough, persistent and physically strong. Sometimes, they have to be insensitive towards celeb
29、rities or their targets feelings in order to carry out their duties and tasks which are supposed to be unwelcome and disliked by most people.3.3 Earning CapacityAccording to Kwong (Appendix 1), the salary of paparazzi is determined by the supply and demand of the market. When the market was flourish
30、ing and booming in the past, some newspapers were willing to pay as high as sixty to seventy thousands dollars per month to “drag” the paparazzi from other newspapers or magazines. However, since the economic downturn in 1997, just like other jobs, the salary for paparazzi has become much lower. At
31、present, determined by their experiences, their monthly salary levels probably range from seven thousands to ten thousands dollars.According to May (Appendix 4), in the newspaper she has worked for, there are monthly award schemes which give cash awards to the reporter who has reported the best news
32、 or taken the most newsworthy photo in that month.3.4 Career pathIt is widely regarded that paparazzi is not a formal form of journalist like those in political and sports sections. According to the interviews with journalists involving ex-paparazzo (May, appendix 4), journalists for breaking news (
33、Cheung, appendix 2 and Lo, appendix 3) and supervisor (Kong, appendix 1), there are different career perspectives of paparazzi. But for most public like professionals and students, paparazzi is even not a favorable type of career.According to Cheung (Appendix 2) and Lo (Appendix 3), paparazzi mostly
34、 will not be promoted due to their relatively low education standard and their nature of front-line work. As mentioned above, the entry requirements for paparazzi are lower than other type of journalists. They are not necessarily to acquire professional training or degree. Owing to their education l
35、imitations, their promotion opportunities is grim accordingly. They also point out that the turnover of paparazzi is very high. Many of them cannot withstand the harsh nature of work so quit quickly after they enter the job. They think it is intolerable because supervisors push them to report stunni
36、ng news every day. If they unable to reach the target, they must be criticized. More, the duration of work is long and it is about 10 hours per day. They might even need to have time rotation in day or night time.However, there may also be promotion like other journalists for paparazzi. First, new c
37、omers are only assistances to deal with trivial matters such as driving and report soft news that is minor news (Kong, Appendix 1). They could only be promoted by experiences of reporting influential news. The next step is journalists who enjoy better pay but they still need to work in the front lin
38、e. Then, if they are competent enough to keep reporting sound news, they can achieve the next stage which is senior journalists. And, finally, they could become reporting managers who only have to stay in offices to handle administrative work and co-ordination. In Oriental Weekly (Kong, Appendix 1),
39、 photographer supervisor (攝影主管) is the highest rank for paparazzi. For Kong, paparazzi are a life long career because it enables him to gain stable and sound income.Most paparazzi are not entailed to write for the news but only take photos and delve anything newsworthy. But, writers benefit from bet
40、ter status and it is preferable for older journalists because photographers need more physical devotion. This also shed lights on why paparazzi usually not become a career for most people. Since then entry requirements are comparatively low, it attracts more applicants who did not attain tertiary ed
41、ucation. When they become older, their physical ability does not allow them to participate in physically demanding works. As they cannot write well, they would be excluded from the company. Thus, some thoughtful paparazzi will equip themselves before they are terminated from the company.3.5 Sources
42、of job satisfactionThe nature of paparazzis work is to uncover ostensible stories of celebrities or anything that audience like. For example, the marriage of ex-financial secretary Anthony Leung and diving queen Fu Ming Xia was first reported by Hong Kong paparazzi (website 1). The news was astonish
43、ing since the relationship was unexpected for the two seems unrelated celebrities. The journalist who explored this news probably be appreciated and promoted. The sense of satisfaction is undoubtedly ample.In the past, journalists mostly have a sense of mission that means to tell the truth widely by
44、 the use of newspaper, radio and television. Paparazzi also have the mission of truth telling but they might discover information according to audience curiosity. It seems to us that paparazzi are not traditional kind of journalist but in their point of view, it is only a form of work. According to
45、Lo (Appendix 3), find out the truth is the most encouraging and it is also the case for paparazzi. Though the information may not be important in the sense of public interest especially dating relationship of celebrity, it is still worthwhile to ascertain duplicity. May (appendix 4) said that papara
46、zzi just follow the supervisors instruction to work and what they do is just telling the truth, so it is respectful. From the 4 interviews, it is apparent that paparazzis moral sense is diverted from normal perception. Kong (Appendix 1) and May (Appendix 4) both stressed that infringe privacy is a p
47、art of paparazzis work. Unless it does not affect the newsperson too much, it is acceptable. It obviously implies that paparazzi assume celebrities need to scarify a certain extent of privacy. Also, they do that only because of satisfying the audience. Ethical issues are always controversial in acad
48、emic field. It is worth noticing as more and more non-professional youngsters are employed as paparazzi that are likely to be manipulated for the sake of income. It is highly suggested that fresh graduates who willing to engage in journalism should equip themselves not only in basic skills like writing and photo-taking, but also moral and ethical aspects.3.6 Comments towards PaparazziThe publics impression of Hong Kongs paparazzi is rath
