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1、Thermodynamics,Begin with a brief review of Chapter 5,Natural systems tend toward states of minimum energy,Energy States,Unstable:falling or rolling,Stable:at rest in lowest energy state,Metastable:in low-energy perch,Figure 5.1.Stability states.Winter(2010)An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic
2、 Petrology.Prentice Hall.,Gibbs Free Energy,Gibbs free energy is a measure of chemical energy,Gibbs free energy for a phase:,G=H-TSWhere:G=Gibbs Free EnergyH=Enthalpy(heat content)T=Temperature in KelvinsS=Entropy(can think of as randomness),Thermodynamics,DG for a reaction of the type:2 A+3 B=C+4 D
3、DG=S(n G)products-S(n G)reactants=GC+4GD-2GA-3GB,The side of the reaction with lower G will be more stable,Thermodynamics,For other temperatures and pressures we can use the equation:dG=VdP-SdT(ignoring DX for now)where V=volume and S=entropy(both molar),We can use this equation to calculate G for a
4、ny phase at any T and P by integrating,If V and S are constants,our equation reduces to:GT2 P2-GT1 P1=V(P2-P1)-S(T2-T1),Now consider a reaction,we can then use the equation:dDG=DVdP-DSdT(again ignoring DX),DG for any reaction=0 at equilibrium,Worked Problem#2 used:dDG=DVdP-DSdT and G,S,V values for
5、albite,jadeite and quartz to calculate the conditions for which DG of the reaction:Ab+Jd=Q is equal to 0,from G values for each phase at 298K and 0.1 MPa calculate DG298,0.1 for the reaction,do the same for DV and DSDG at equilibrium=0,so we can calculate an isobaric change in T that would be requir
6、ed to bring DG298,0.1 to 00-DG298,0.1=-DS(Teq-298)(at constant P)Similarly we could calculate an isothermal change0-DG298,0.1=-DV(Peq-0.1)(at constant T),Method:,NaAlSi3O8=NaAlSi2O6+SiO2,P-T phase diagram of the equilibrium curveHow do you know which side has which phases?,Figure 27.1.Temperature-pr
7、essure phase diagram for the reaction:Albite=Jadeite+Quartz calculated using the program TWQ of Berman(1988,1990,1991).Winter(2010)An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.Prentice Hall.,pick any two points on the equilibrium curvedDG=0=DVdP-DSdT,Figure 27.1.Temperature-pressure phase di
8、agram for the reaction:Albite=Jadeite+Quartz calculated using the program TWQ of Berman(1988,1990,1991).Winter(2010)An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.Prentice Hall.,Return to dG=VdP-SdT,for an isothermal process:,Gas Phases,For solids it was fine to ignore V as f(P)For gases this
9、assumption is shittyYou can imagine how a gas compresses as P increasesHow can we define the relationship between V and P for a gas?,Gas Pressure-Volume Relationships,Ideal GasAs P increases V decreasesPV=nRT Ideal Gas LawP=pressureV=volumeT=temperaturen=#of moles of gasR=gas constant=8.3144 J mol-1
10、 K-1,P x V is a constant at constant T,Figure 5.5.Piston-and-cylinder apparatus to compress a gas.Winter(2010)An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.Prentice Hall.,Gas Pressure-Volume Relationships,Since we can substitute RT/P for V(for a single mole of gas),thus:and,since R and T are
11、certainly independent of P:,z,Gas Pressure-Volume Relationships,And sinceGP2-GP1=RT ln P2-ln P1=RT ln(P2/P1)Thus the free energy of a gas phase at a specific P and T,when referenced to a standard atate of 0.1 MPa becomes:GP,T-GT=RT ln(P/Po)G of a gas at some P and T=G in the reference state(same T a
12、nd 0.1 MPa)+a pressure term,o,Gas Pressure-Volume Relationships,The form of this equation is very useful GP,T-GT=RT ln(P/Po)For a non-ideal gas(more geologically appropriate)the same form is used,but we substitute fugacity(f)for Pwhere f=gPg is the fugacity coefficientTables of fugacity coefficients
13、 for common gases are availableAt low pressures most gases are ideal,but at high P they are not,o,Dehydration Reactions,Mu+Q=Kspar+Sillimanite+H2OWe can treat the solids and gases separatelyGP,T-GT=DVsolids(P-0.1)+RT ln(P/0.1)(isothermal)The treatment is then quite similar to solid-solid reactions,b
14、ut you have to solve for the equilibrium P by iteration,Dehydration Reactions(qualitative analysis),Figure 27.2.Pressure-temperature phase diagram for the reaction muscovite+quartz=Al2SiO5+K-feldspar+H2O,calculated using SUPCRT(Helgeson et al.,1978).Winter(2010)An Introduction to Igneous and Metamor
15、phic Petrology.Prentice Hall.,Solutions:T-X relationships,Ab=Jd+Q was calculated for pure phasesWhen solid solution results in impure phases the activity of each phase is reducedUse the same form as for gases(RT ln P or ln f)Instead of fugacity,we use activityIdeal solution:ai=Xi n=#of sites in the
16、phase onwhich solution takes placeNon-ideal:ai=gi Xi where gi is the activity coefficient,n,n,Solutions:T-X relationships,Example:orthopyroxenes(Fe,Mg)SiO3Real vs.Ideal Solution Models,Figure 27.3.Activity-composition relationships for the enstatite-ferrosilite mixture in orthopyroxene at 600oC and
17、800oC.Circles are data from Saxena and Ghose(1971);curves are model for sites as simple mixtures(from Saxena,1973)Thermodynamics of Rock-Forming Crystalline Solutions.Winter(2010)An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.Prentice Hall.,Solutions:T-X relationships,Back to our reaction:Simp
18、lify for now by ignoring dP and dTFor a reaction such as:aA+bB=cC+dDAt a constant P and T:where:,Compositional variations,Effect of adding Ca to albite=jadeite+quartzplagioclase=Al-rich Cpx+QDGT,P=DGoT,P+RTlnK Lets say DGoT,P was the value that we calculated for equilibrium in the pure Na-system(=0
19、at some P and T)DGoT,P=DG298,0.1+DV(P-0.1)-DS(T-298)=0By adding Ca we will shift the equilibrium by RTlnKWe could assume ideal solution and,All coefficients=1,Compositional variations,So now we have:DGT,P=DGoT,P+RTln since Q is pureDGoT,P=0 as calculated for the pure system at P and TDGT,P is the sh
20、ifted DG due to the Ca added(no longer 0)Thus we could calculate a DV(P-Peq)that would bring DGT,P back to 0,solving for the new Peq,Compositional variations,Effect of adding Ca to albite=jadeite+quartzDGP,T=DGoP,T+RTlnK,numbers are values for K,Figure 27.4.P-T phase diagram for the reaction Jadeite
21、+Quartz=Albite for various values of K.The equilibrium curve for K=1.0 is the reaction for pure end-member minerals(Figure 27.1).Data from SUPCRT(Helgeson et al.,1978).Winter(2010)An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.Prentice Hall.,Geothermobarometry,Use measured distribution of elem
22、ents in coexisting phases from experiments at known P and T to estimate P and T of equilibrium in natural samples,Geothermobarometry,The Garnet-Biotite geothermometer,Geothermobarometry,The Garnet-Biotite geothermometer,Figure 27.5.Graph of lnK vs.1/T(in Kelvins)for the Ferry and Spear(1978)garnet-b
23、iotite exchange equilibrium at 0.2 GPa from Table 27.2.Winter(2010)An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.Prentice Hall.,lnKD=-2108 T(K)+0.781,DGP,T=0=DH 0.1,298-TDS0.1,298+PDV+3 RTlnKD,Geothermobarometry,The Garnet-Biotite geothermometer,Figure 27.6.AFM projections showing the relativ
24、e distribution of Fe and Mg in garnet vs.biotite at approximately 500oC(a)and 800oC(b).From Spear(1993)Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths.Mineral.Soc.Amer.Monograph 1.,Geothermobarometry,The Garnet-Biotite geothermometer,Figure 27.7.Pressure-temperature diagram similar
25、to Figure 27.4 showing lines of constant KD plotted using equation(27.35)for the garnet-biotite exchange reaction.The Al2SiO5 phase diagram is added.From Spear(1993)Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths.Mineral.Soc.Amer.Monograph 1.,Geothermobarometry,The GASP geobarometer
26、,Figure 27.8.P-T phase diagram showing the experimental results of Koziol and Newton(1988),and the equilibrium curve for reaction(27.37).Open triangles indicate runs in which An grew,closed triangles indicate runs in which Grs+Ky+Qtz grew,and half-filled triangles indicate no significant reaction.Th
27、e univariant equilibrium curve is a best-fit regression of the data brackets.The line at 650oC is Koziol and Newtons estimate of the reaction location based on reactions involving zoisite.The shaded area is the uncertainty envelope.After Koziol and Newton(1988)Amer.Mineral.,73,216-233,Geothermobarom
28、etry,The GASP geobarometer,Figure 27.98.P-T diagram contoured for equilibrium curves of various values of K for the GASP geobarometer reaction:3 An=Grs+2 Ky+Qtz.From Spear(1993)Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths.Mineral.Soc.Amer.Monograph,Geothermobarometry,Figure 27.10
29、.P-T diagram showing the results of garnet-biotite geothermometry(steep lines)and GASP barometry(shallow lines)for sample 90A of Mt.Moosilauke(Table 27.4).Each curve represents a different calibration,calculated using the program THERMOBAROMETRY,by Spear and Kohn(1999).The shaded area represents the
30、 bracketed estimate of the P-T conditions for the sample.The Al2SiO5 invariant point also lies within the shaded area.,Geothermobarometry,Figure 27.11.P-T phase diagram calculated by TQW 2.02(Berman,1988,1990,1991)showing the internally consistent reactions between garnet,muscovite,biotite,Al2SiO5 a
31、nd plagioclase,when applied to the mineral compositions for sample 90A,Mt.Moosilauke,NH.The garnet-biotite curve of Hodges and Spear(1982)Amer.Mineral.,67,1118-1134 has been added.,Geothermobarometry,TWQ and THERMOCALC accept mineral composition data and calculate equilibrium curves based on an inte
32、rnally consistent set of calibrations and activity-composition mineral solution models.Rob Bermans TWQ 2.32 program calculated relevant equilibria relating the phases in sample 90A from Mt.Moosilauke.TWQ also searches for and computes all possible reactions involving the input phases,a process calle
33、d multi-equilibrium calculations by Berman(1991).Output from these programs yields a single equilibrium curve for each reaction and should produce a tighter bracket of P-T-X conditions.,Figure 27.12.Reactions for the garnet-biotite geothermometer and GASP geobarometer calculated using THERMOCALC wit
34、h the mineral compositions from sample PR13 of Powell(1985).A P-T uncertainty ellipse,and the“optimal”AvePT()calculated from correlated uncertainties using the approach of Powell and Holland(1994).b.Addition of a third independent reaction generates three intersections(A,B,and C).The calculated AveP
35、T lies within the consistent band of overlap of individual reaction uncertainties(yet outside the ABC triangle).,Geothermobarometry,THERMOCALC(Holland and Powell)also based on an internally-consistent dataset and produces similar results,which Powell and Holland(1994)call optimal thermobarometry usi
36、ng the AvePT module.THERMOCALC also considers activities of each end-member of the phases to be variable within the uncertainty of each activity model,defining bands for each reaction within that uncertainty(shaded blue).Calculates an optimal P-T point within the correlated uncertainty of all releva
37、nt reactions via least squares and estimates the overall activity model uncertainty.The P and T uncertainties for the Grt-Bt and GASP equilibria are about 0.1 GPa and 75oC,respectively.A third independent reaction involving the phases present was found(Figure 27.12b).Notice how the uncertainty incre
38、ases when the third reaction is included,due to the effect of the larger uncertainty for this reaction on the correlated overall uncertainty.The average P-T value is higher due to the third reaction,and may be considered more reliable when based on all three.,Figure 27.13.P-T pseudosection calculate
39、d by THERMOCALC for a computed average composition in NCKFMASH for a pelitic Plattengneiss from the Austrian Eastern Alps.The large+is the calculated average PT(=650oC and 0.65 GPa)using the mineral data of Habler and Thni(2001).Heavy curve through AvePT is the average P calculated from a series of
40、temperatures(Powell and Holland,1994).The shaded ellipse is the AvePT error ellipse(R.Powell,personal communication).After Tenczer et al.(2006).,Geothermobarometry,Thermobarometry may best be practiced using the pseudosection approach of THERMOCALC(or Perple_X),in which a particular whole-rock bulk
41、composition is defined and the mineral reactions delimit a certain P-T range of equilibration for the mineral assemblage present.The peak metamorphic mineral assemblage:garnet+muscovite+biotite+sillimanite+quartz+plagioclase+H2O,is shaded(and considerably smaller than the uncertainty ellipse determi
42、ned by the AvePT approach).The calculated compositions of garnet,biotite,and plagioclase within the shaded area are also contoured(inset).They compare favorably with the reported mineral compositions of Habler and Thni(2001)and can further constrain the equilibrium P and T.,Figure 27.14.Chemically z
43、oned plagioclase and poikiloblastic garnet from meta-pelitic sample 3,Wopmay Orogen,Canada.a.Chemical profiles across a garnet(rim rim).b.An-content of plagioclase inclusions in garnet and corresponding zonation in neighboring plagioclase.After St-Onge(1987)J.Petrol.28,1-22.,Geothermobarometry,P-T-t
44、 Paths,Figure 27.15.The results of applying the garnet-biotite geothermometer of Hodges and Spear(1982)and the GASP geobarometer of Koziol(1988,in Spear 1993)to the core,interior,and rim composition data of St-Onge(1987).The three intersection points yield P-T estimates which define a P-T-t path for
45、 the growing minerals showing near-isothermal decompression.After Spear(1993).,Geothermobarometry,P-T-t Paths,Figure 27.16.Clockwise P-T-t paths for samples D136 and D167 from the Canadian Cordillera and K98-6 from the Pakistan Himalaya.Monazite U-Pb ages of black dots are in Ma.Small-dashed lines a
46、re Al2SiO5 polymorph reactions and large-dashed curve is the H2O-saturated minimum melting conditions.After Foster et al.(2004).,Geothermobarometry,P-T-t Paths,Recent advances in textural geochronology have allowed age estimates for some points along a P-T-t path,finally placing the“t”term in“P-T-t”
47、on a similar quantitative basis as P and T.Foster et al.(2004)modeled temperature and pressure evolution of two amphibolite facies metapelites from the Canadian Cordillera and one from the Pakistan Himalaya.Three to four stages of monazite growth were recognized texturally in the samples,and dated o
48、n the basis of U-Pb isotopes in Monazite analyzed by LA-ICPMS.Used the P-T-t paths to constrain the timing of thrusting(pressure increase)along the Monashee dcollement in Canada(it ceased about 58 Ma b.p.),followed by exhumation beginning about 54 Ma.Himalayan sample records periods of monazite form
49、ation during garnet growth at 82 Ma,followed by later monazite growth during uplift and garnet breakdown at 56 Ma,and a melting event during subsequent decompression.Such data combined with field recognition of structural features can elucidate the metamorphic and tectonic history of an area and als
50、o place constraints on kinematic and thermal models of orogeny.,Figure 27.17.An illustration of precision vs.accuracy.a.The shots are precise because successive shots hit near the same place(reproducibility).Yet they are not accurate,because they do not hit the bulls-eye.b.The shots are not precise,
