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1、2023/3/16,1,黄帝内经素问翻译实例分析,兰凤利 上海中医药大学,2023/3/16,2,内容提要,1 通假字、古今字的辨析与翻译2 词义的演变与翻译3 词义的辨析与翻译4 修辞与翻译5 校勘与翻译,2023/3/16,3,1 通假字、古今字的辨析与翻译,1)清阳实四支，浊阴归六府。（阴阳应象大论）英译：Clear yang fills the four limbs,whereas turbid yin passes through the six yang organs.说明：“支肢”、“府腑”为古今字。,2023/3/16,4,2）高梁之变，足生大丁。（生气通天论）英译：Overe
2、ating the fat meat and fine grain can cause the occurrence of abscesses.说明：高，通“膏”；梁，通“粱”。“膏粱”就是肥肉精米。“足”有“能”意。“丁”似为“且”（与疽同）之讹字。“丁”“且”古文形近致误。膏粱之害，所以能生大疽，是因厚味郁为内热，发于肌肉，毒深则为痈为疽。扁鹊心书卷上引“丁”作“疽”。其书虽伪，此点却甚可取（郭霭春，1999：17）。无论从文理还是医理来看，膏粱之变所生均应为“痈疽”，而非“疔疮”。,2023/3/16,5,3）经言盛者写之，虚者补之，余锡以方士，而方士用之，尚未能十全。（至真要大论）英译
3、：Medical classics stated that excessive pattern should be reduced,and deficient pattern should be supplemented.I have instructed the physicians with these principles but they cannot obtain a satisfactory result.说明：“写泻”为古今字；锡，通“赐”。,2023/3/16,6,4）四支解堕，此脾精之不行也。（示从容论）英译：Slackness and weakness of the ext
4、remities is caused by the inability of the spleen to spread the essence.说明：“解懈”为古今字。脾精之不行，即脾不散精。,2023/3/16,7,5)阴阳者，万物之能始也。（阴阳应象大论）英译：Yin and yang are the origin of all things.说明：孙诒让札迻：“能者，胎之借字。”尔雅 释诂：“胎，始也。”,2023/3/16,8,2.词义的演变与翻译,2.1 词义范围的缩小与翻译2.2 词义范围的转移与翻译2.3 复词的偏义与翻译2.4 词语的同形与翻译,2023/3/16,9,2.1
5、词义范围的缩小与翻译,1)丈夫八岁，肾气实，发长齿更。（上古天真论）英译：In a man,at the age of 8 the boys kidney qi is abundant,his hair grows and his baby teeth are replaced by permanent ones.说明：尔雅释亲：“男子谓之丈夫。”可见，文中“丈夫”所指实为男子。后来，“丈夫”的意义范围缩小为“妻的夫”（段逸山，2002：294）。,2023/3/16,10,2)其病生于内，其治宜毒药。（异法方宜论）英译：People are apt to suffer from viscer
6、al illness due to foods and emotions,which should be treated by medicinals.说明：张介宾注，“毒药者，总括药饵而言，凡能治病者，皆可称为毒药”；汪机说，“药谓草木鱼虫禽兽之类，以能攻病，皆谓之毒”。而今天的“毒药”，指能危害生物体生理机能并引起死亡的药物，其范围远远小于治病的药物。,2023/3/16,11,2.2 词义范围的转移与翻译,1)三阴之所交结于脚也。（水热穴论）英译：The three foot yin meridians meet at the lower leg.说明：说文肉部“脚，胫也。”段玉裁注：“膝
7、下踝上曰胫。”可见，“脚”的古义为小腿（从膝盖到脚跟的一段）。而足太阴、足少阴、足厥阴所交之处“三阴交”穴正是位于小腿内踝高点上三寸。古代“足”字方与现在的“脚”义相当，如汉 张仲景伤寒论序：“按寸不及尺，握手不及足。”后来，“脚”由“小腿”义转移为“足”义。如唐孙思邈千金要方论风毒状，“然此病发，初得先从脚起，因即胫肿。”由“脚”而“胫”，“脚”指“足”无疑。“脚”的原始义“小腿”与后起义“足”属人体相邻部位，自然具有相当的联系（段逸山，2002：295）。,2023/3/16,12,2）胞痹者，少腹膀胱，按之内痛，若沃以汤，涩于小便，上为清涕。（痹论）英译：The symptoms of
8、the bladder bi-pattern are as follows:a hot sensation like being sprinkled with hot water when the thighs are pressed by hands,difficult urination,and nasal mucus.说明：汤，本义是“热水”，如素问逆调论：“人有身寒，汤火不能热，厚衣不能温。”后来转为煮熟食物的汁液（soup）。内痛，太素作“两髀”。按林亿校引全元起本亦作“两髀”，与太素合（郭霭春，1999：251）。沃，浇。,2023/3/16,13,2.3 复词的偏义与翻译,1）北
9、风生于冬，病在肾，俞在腰股。（金匮真言论）英译：The north wind occurs in winter.The diseases always arise in the kidney meridian and are manifested in the waist.说明：王冰注：“腰为肾府，股接次之，以气相连，故兼言也。”据之，病在肾，而腰为肾府，自然是“俞在腰”，而不是“俞在股”或“俞在腰与股”。“腰股”偏义于腰。俞在：周学海说，“俞，应也。非俞穴”。,2023/3/16,14,2.4 词语的同形与翻译,1）岁运太过，则运星北越，运气相得，则各行以道。（气交变大论）英译：When t
10、he qi of the elements motion dominating the year is excessive,the corresponding star will leave its track and move northward.It is only when the qi of the five elements motion and that of the six climates get along well,can the corresponding star which dominates the year move along its track.说明：运气，指
11、五运六气（five elements motion and six climates），而非 fortune 或 luck。岁运，指统主一岁的五运六气。,2023/3/16,15,2）络脉之病人也微，故起居如故而息有音也。（逆调论）英译：The diseased collaterals affect human slightly.Therefore the patient can lead a normal daily life just with a sound in respiration.说明：病人，使人患病。,2023/3/16,16,3 词义的辨析与翻译,3.1 言语环境制约法辨别词
12、义与翻译3.2 依据对举结构辨析词义与翻译,2023/3/16,17,3.1 言语环境制约法辨别词义与翻译,黄帝问曰：“人身非常温也，非常热也，为之热而烦满者，何也？”岐伯对曰：“阴气少而阳气胜，故热而烦满也。”（帝曰：“人身非衣寒也，中非有寒气也，寒从中生者何？”岐伯曰：“是人多痹气也，阳气少阴气多，故身寒如从水中出。”）（逆调论）,2023/3/16,18,Huang-Di asked:When one has fever and feels vexed and oppressed but not owing to the wearing of warm clothes,what is t
13、he reason?Qi Bo answered:It is due to deficiency of yin qi and overabundance of yang qi.,2023/3/16,19,3.2 依据对举结构辨析词义与翻译,邪气盛则实，精气夺则虚。（通评虚实论）英译：Disease patterns caused by overabundant pathogenic factors are excessive,while those caused by damaged healthy qi are deficient.说明：夺，今义多作“争夺”解，但用于句中，则义不相协。此当作
14、“失”解，与“盛”反义对举。说文奞部：“奪，手持奞失之也。”段玉裁注：“引申为凡失去物之称”（汉许慎撰，清段玉裁注，1988：144上）。,2023/3/16,20,4.修辞与翻译,4.1 比喻与翻译4.2 错综、词义的识别与翻译4.3 互备、句意的理解与翻译4.4 举隅、句意的理解与翻译,2023/3/16,21,阳气者，若天与日，失其所则折寿而不彰。（生气通天论）英译：Yang qi in the human body is just like the sun in the sky.When the sun fails to move normally,all things cannot
15、exist;and when yang qi fails to move normally,the man cannot grow and will die early.说明：楼英：“人之阳气犹天之日光，人失阳气，而知觉运动视听言嗅之灵明 坏不彰、寿命易折，犹天之失光明，则万物无以发生也。”彰，同“章”。匡谬正俗六：“古谓大木为章。”引申“章”有长大之意。折寿而不彰，意为人易致夭折，而不能生长壮大（郭霭春，1999：75）。,2023/3/16,22,4.2 错综、词义的识别与翻译,刺针必肃，刺肿必摇，经刺勿摇。此刺之道也。（诊要经终论）英译：In pricking,the needle sh
16、ould be inserted quickly;when treating swelling,the needle should be waggled to remove the pathogenic factors;when pricking the meridians,waggling method is not necessary.These are the essentials of acupuncture.说明：“经刺”，较费解，但对照上文之“刺针”、“刺肿”，可知“经刺”即“刺经”。此为交错语序。,2023/3/16,23,4.3 互备、句意的理解与翻译,五藏有俞，六府有合。（痹
17、论）英译：All the viscera have shu-stream and he-sea points.说明：该句前有“五藏皆有合”、“六府亦各有俞”句，可知此句应正确理解为：五藏六府皆有俞合。张介宾在类经卷十七痹证中指出：“五藏有俞，六府有合，乃兼藏府而互言也。”意即本句使用了互备这一修辞手法。,2023/3/16,24,4.4 举隅、句意的理解与翻译,冬则闭塞。闭塞者，用药而少针石也。（通评虚实论）英译：Winter is the season of shutting.When treating diseases in this season,practitioners should
18、 prescribe more medicinals and apply less acupuncture.说明：“用药而少针石”意为多用药而少用针石。举下文“少针石”，见上文“用药”当为多用药的意思（举此见彼）。因为冬时之气闭藏于体内，而针石宜治外，汤药善治内，故云。,2023/3/16,25,5.校勘与翻译,诸筋者，皆属于节。（五藏生成篇）英译：All sinews are connected with the liver.说明：节，太素作“肝”。按作“肝”是。千金卷十一筋极“肝应筋，筋与肝合”（郭霭春，1999：66）。,2023/3/16,26,Thank You for Your Attention!,
