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1、海上酒店基础知识讲义2Subject: 9. Premises Time of teaching: 3 periodsAims of teaching: (1) Make students to understand some knowledge about premises design and construction; (2) Make students to understand how to clean premises and equipments.Focal points: (1) Principles of hygienic design and demands of food
2、 equipments; (2) The methods of cleaning premises and equipment.Methods of teaching: a. Bilingual teaching; b. Combine my practical work experiences on the cruise ships, apply a large number of cases to explain.Process of teaching: (1) Give a few questions to review the last lessons;(2) Read the new
3、 words & expressions;(3) Explain the text (give some practical examples to help students understand). (1) Premises design and constructionA. Principles of hygienic design. The hygienic design of food premises should abide by the following principles: a. Eliminate cross-contamination; b. Logical work
4、 flow; c. Proper facilities for personal hygiene, e.g. locker room, washing basin; d. Cleaning allowed for; e. Proper temperature control facilities; f. Suitable for pest control; g. Suitable for waste disposal; h. Conducive to the welfare and safety of the staff and customers. Most food businesses
5、must be registered with the local authority.B. Constructional details The construction and installation of the following parts of food premises should be suitable: a. Floors; b. Walls; c. Ceiling; d. Windows and doors; e. Services of water, gas and electricity; f. Drainage; g. Lighting and ventilati
6、on.C. Food equipment The food equipment should be as follows: a. Easy to clean and maintain; b. Non-toxic, corrosion resistant, durable and chip free; c. Non absorbent-avoid wood; d.Metal (non-toxic) and plastic are best; e. Large equipment should be movable; f. Colour code if appropriate.(2) Cleani
7、ng premises and equipmentsA. Why do we do cleaning? Generally there are two reasons: a. To reduce harmful bacteria; b. To keep out of pests.The cleaning process:Cleaning is the application of energy to a surface in order to remove grease and dirt.The types of energy used are:Physical energy-manual l
8、abour or machine;Chemical energy-cleaning agents, detergents, etc.Thermal energy-hot water.Most cleaning uses all the three to some extent or another. Cleaning as you go is the best approach(As you go, if you find dirt, clean it immediately.)B.The rinsing process Rinsing is the process of washing in
9、 clean water so as to take away soap, dirt, etc.C.The sanitizing process Sanitizing is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms on a surface to a safe level. The methods of sanitizing: a. Heat sanitizing-Used by hot water; b. Chemical sanitizing-Used by chlorine solution. Sanitizing requ
10、ires clean, tepid water and correct strength. Direct sanitizing requires correct contact time (Need some time to kill microorganisms, then wash.)Notes: When work with chemicals (sanitizing solution), do according to manufacturers instructions. Chemical sanitizing is done in two ways: a. By immersing
11、 a clean object in a specific concentration of sanitizing solution for a required period of time; b. By rinsing or spraying an object with sanitizing solution.D. Management should draw up cleaning schedules. These schedules should indicate: What is to be cleaned; When it is to be cleaned; How it is
12、to be cleaned; What with; Health and safety considerations; Who is to clean. The concept of ownership of cleaning responsibilities can be a useful tool. It is a legal requirement that all parts of food premises are kept clean, the manager will be responsible for arranging the cleaning of your work a
13、rea. A good cleaning schedule should be specific to your work area; should be split into daily, weekly and monthly tasks; should be completed to help maintain a high standard of cleanliness.E.Technical terms a. Bactericide-a chemical which destroys bacteria; b. Detergent-a chemical which removes gre
14、ase and dirt prior to disinfection; c. Disinfectant-a chemical which reduces microorganisms to a safe level; d. Sterilizer-an instrument which destroys all living microorganisms; e. Sanitizer-a chemical which both cleans and disinfects.Exercises(1) What are the principles of hygienic design of food
15、premises?(2) What are the constructional details of food premises that we must consider?(3) What kind of food equipment should we use in food premises?(4) What is cleaning? What are the three types of energy used for cleaning?(5) What is sanitizing? What are the methods of sanitizing?(6) What are th
16、e two ways of chemical sanitizing?(7) What is detergent? What is disinfectant?(8) State the reasons of importance to keep food area clean.(9) Please make difference between cleaning, rinsing and sanitizing.(10) Please list the main stages of cleaning.Subject: 10. Pest Control 11. Waste Disposal 12.
17、Food Safety Law Time of teaching: 3 periodsAims of teaching: (1) Make students to understand what the pest is and and how to control pest; (2) Make students to understand how to deal with the waste; (3) Make students to understand some information about the Food Safety Act 1990.Focal points: (1) Wha
18、t is pest and how to control pests? (2) How to deal with the waste.Methods of teaching: a. Bilingual teaching; b. Combine my practical work experiences on the cruise ships, apply a large number of cases to explain.Process of teaching: (1) Give a few questions to review the last lessons;(2) Read the
19、new words & expressions;(3) Explain the text (give some practical examples to help students understand).10. Pest ControlPests are animals, including insects, which live on our food. They carry and spread pathogenic bacteria as well as causing much food to be thrown away.All employees should be able
20、to detect the means and signs of access and inform management accordingly.Management must take immediate steps to remove any problem.(1) The main pests are: Rodents-e.g. mice; Insects-e.g. flies, cockroaches, beetles, mites, weevils, moths, wasps and ants; Birds-e.g. feral pigeons, sparrows, starlin
21、gs and seagulls; Domestic pets-e.g. dogs, cats. Pests should be effectively controlled to minimize their presence in the following areas aboard a vessel: a. Food storage areas; b. Food preparation areas; c. Food service areas; d. Food ware-washing areas; e. Food utensils storage areas.(2) Reasons fo
22、r attracting pests to food premises: a .food (received deliveries); b. moisture; c. warmth; d. shelter.(3) CockroachesA. Cockroach is the most prevalent pest onboard, it gets on the ship by two ways: a. From infested deliveries; b. From passengers luggage.B. Cockroaches are only active and drop eggs
23、 in the dark. They usually breed in: a. False ceiling; b. Boxed pipes; c. Cracked decks; d. Drainage.C. Methods of preventing cockroach: a. Keep clean; b. Dont give food; c. Set a trap to kill it; d. Spray pesticide to kill it.(4) HousefliesA. Houseflies are a serious heath hazard, they carry bacter
24、ia on their guts and feet, they transfer bacteria to food.B. Methods of control houseflies: a.Clear away decaying vegetables matter; b.Tightly cover waste bins; c.Empty bins frequently-especially in hot weather; d.Use insectocution to kill them where possible.Exercises(1) What is pest? Would you ple
25、ase list four main pests?(2) Which pest is the most prevalent onboard? How to prevent it?(3) How to control houseflies and mosquitoes?(4) Would you please list four main food areas?11.Waste DisposalWaste attracts pest, it must be done properly.a. Keep food and packaging waste separate;b. Keep foods
26、for return separate from ordinary food, waste and any stored food, whether it is packaged or not;c. Consider health and safety, be careful with sharp objects in waste;d. Empty and clean any waste bins regularly;e. Recycle if possible, but dont allow items to become a source of food contamination or
27、personal safety risk;f. Waste containers should have lids to deter pests;g. Arrange collection as frequently as needed.(Note: It is against the law to allow the buildup of refuse.)12.Food Safety Law The main law concerning food hygiene is the Food Safety Act 1990. While this act does contain some de
28、tails, it is what is known as an “enabling” act, it enables government to make all sorts of regulations to deal with the details.It also deals with such things as enforcement, penalties, defences in law (due diligence), powers of officers, etc.The main offences under the act are as the follows:A. Re
29、ndering food injurious to health;B. Selling or possessing for sale food that doesnt meet the food safety requirement, in that it a. has been rendered injurious to health;b. is unfit for human consumption;c. is so contaminated that it would be unreasonable to expect it to be eaten;C. Selling food not
30、 of the nature, quality or substance demanded.Exercises(1) How to deal with waste?(2) Why should waste containers have lids?(3) What is refuse?(4) What is the main law concerning food hygiene?13. ReviewA.The following questions may help you with the CIEH Basic Food Hygiene Examination.(1) State five
31、 costs of poor food hygiene standards. a. Food poisoning; b. Food spoilage; c. Passengers food complaints; d. Prosecution.(2) List four powers of EHOs. a. Improvement; b. Prohibition; c. Disqualification; d. Prosecution.(3 ) Apart from bacteria and viruses, what else can get into food that can make
32、people ill? a. Parasites; b. Fungi.(4) What are the differences between spoilage and pathogenic bacteria? a. Pathogenic bacteria cause disease, food looks, tastes and smells the same; b. Spoilage bacteria cause food spoilage, food looks, tastes and smells bad.(5) List the four conditions needed for
33、bacteria growth (binary fission). a. Food; b.Time; c. Temperature; d. Moisture.(6) Name six high risk foods and explain why they are high risk. a. Cooked poultry; b. Cooked meats; c. Dairy products; d. Soups; e. Cooked rice; f. Mayonnaise. Because they support the growth of bacteria and may be eaten
34、 without further cooking.(7) What is the “danger zone” of temperature and which single temperature is ideal for most pathogens? a. The “danger zone” of temperature is 5C-60C; b. 37C is ideal for most pathogens.(8) Name two bacteria types often found in poultry. Salmonella and campylobacter.(9) What
35、is a bacteria spore and describe how dangers can arise because of spores in reheated dishes and those kept warm for long periods in a hotplate. A bacteria spore protects the bacteria in a tough case which is extremely difficult to destroy by heat, drying or chemicals. A bacteria spore is formed when
36、 conditions are not suitable for survival and growth As soon as conditions improve, the spores in reheated dishes and those kept warm in a hotplate detect this and germinate back to normal bacteria which can then multiply again.(10) Besides poultry, which other food is identified with salmonella? Eg
37、g.(11) Which type of bacteria is usually associated with reheated meat dishes? Clostridium.(12) Where do staphylococcus most commonly come from? From peoples nose, throat, cuts and sores, boils, etc.(13) With which specific foodstuff is Bacillus usually associated? In a word or two, why? Reheated ri
38、ce. Because Bacillus is easy to grow in reheated rice.(14) With which meat is E.coli most commonly associated? Beef.(15) Which food borne disease (although often classed as food poisoning) is now causing more cases of illness than any other bacteria, including salmonella? Campylobacter.(16) What do
39、you understand by direct and indirect cross-contamination? Illustrate your answer with examples. a. Direct contamination: from direct contact with the sources of bacteria. e.g.raw food-cooked food, dirty hand contaminates food directly. b. Indirect cross-contamination: from one food to another via s
40、urfaces, equipments, clothing, utensils, etc. e.g.raw food-hand-cooked food.(17) What does physical contamination of food mean? Caused by physical substances, such as plastic, pen, hair, fly, etc. sometimes called foreign body contamination.(18) List four occasions when hands should always be washed
41、 in relation to food. a. After handling raw foods; b. After handling rubbish; c. After breaks or a smoke; d. After using chemicals.(19) Which bacteria are often found in the nose and throat? Staphylococcus.(20) A food handler is “filthy”. Who can get prosecuted for this? The food handler and his com
42、pany.(21) Which is ideal for most commercial food services? Metal (non-toxic) and plastic.(22) What is the difference between a disinfectant and a detergent? a. Disinfectant is a kind of chemical which can reduces micro-organisms to a safe level; b. Detergent is a kind of chemical which removes grea
43、se and dirt prior to disinfection. (23) What is a “sanitizer”? It is a chemical which both cleans and disinfects.(24) What would you expect to find on a good cleaning schedule? A good cleaning schedule should be specific to your work area; should be split into daily, weekly and monthly tasks; should
44、 be completed to help maintain a high standard of cleanliness.(25) Which insects are most likely to contaminate our food? Flies, cockroaches and ants.(26) What is the main Act of Parliament to do with food safety matters? It is The Food Safety Act 1990.(27) What do you understand by the term “due di
45、ligence” as used in Food Safety Law? Here means “defences in law”.B.Key words and terms:Microorganism-Single celled organism, like bacteria, viruses& mould that can only be seen under a microscope;Food safety-The safeguarding or protection of food from anything that could harm consumers health;Food-Anything that people normally eat or drink including ice;Food borne illness-A disease or injury occurring as a result of consumption of contaminated food;Contamination-The unintended presence of harmful organisms(bacteria, viruses,mould) or substances(like chemicals or physical materials li
